Mechanical elements

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Roller Chain

Posted on June 3, 2020December 8, 2023 by JAB

03
Jun

Roller Chain

Calculation
Links

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Belt length calculator

Posted on October 3, 2019December 9, 2023 by JCF

03
Oct

BELT LENGTH CALCULATOR

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DIN STANDARD PARTS

Posted on August 1, 2019April 12, 2020 by JCA

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DIN NUMBER REFERENCE	DESCRIPTION______________________________________________________________________________	DIN replacement	Other org
DIN 1	Cone Pins, untempered	DIN EN 22339	ISO 2339
DIN 3	Standard measurements
DIN 5	Technical drawings - Axonometric projections, Isometric projection	DIN ISO 5456-1, DIN ISO 5456-2,
DIN 5-10	Technical drawings - projections, terms	DIN ISO 10209-2	ISO 10209-2
DIN 6	Projection displays in Normal, views and special presentations	DIN ISO 128, DIN EN ISO 128	ISO 128
DIN 7	Parallel Pins	DIN EN ISO 2338	ISO 2338
DIN 11	Whitworth pipe threads 1/4"-6" Thread diameter, sizes, teaching information
DIN 13-1	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 1: Nominal sizes for coarse pitch threads; nominal diameter from 1 mm to 68 mm
DIN 13-2	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 2: Nominal sizes for 0,2 mm, 0,25 mm and 0,35 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 1 mm to 50 mm
DIN 13-3	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 3: Nominal sizes for 0,5 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 3,5 mm to 90 mm
DIN 13-4	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 4: Nominal sizes for 0,75 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 5 mm to 110 mm
DIN 13-5	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 5: Nominal sizes for 1 mm and 1,25 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 7,5 mm to 200 mm
DIN 13-6	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 6: Nominal sizes for 1,5 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 12 mm to 300 mm
DIN 13-7	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 7: Nominal sizes for 2 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 17 mm to 300 mm
DIN 13-8	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 8: Nominal sizes for 3 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 28 mm to 300 mm
DIN 13-9	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 9: Nominal sizes for 4 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 40 mm to 300 mm
DIN 13-10	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 10: Nominal sizes for 6 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 70 mm to 500 mm
DIN 13-11	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 11: Nominal sizes for 8 mm fine pitch threads; nominal diameter from 130 mm to 1000 mm
DIN 13-12	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 12: 1 to 300 mm diameter coarse and fine pitch threads Selected diameters and pitches
DIN 13-13	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 13: Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts from 1 to 52 mm screw thread diameter and limits of sizes
DIN 13-19	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 19: Nominal profiles
DIN 13-20	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 20: Limits of sizes for coarse pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; nominal sizes from 1 mm to 68 mm
DIN 13-21	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 21: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 1 mm to 24,5 mm
DIN 13-22	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 22: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 25 mm to 52 mm
DIN 13-23	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 23: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 53 mm to 110 mm
DIN 13-24	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 24: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 112 mm to 180 mm
DIN 13-25	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 25: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 182 mm to 250 mm
DIN 13-26	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 26: Limits of sizes for fine pitch threads with the preferred tolerance classes; Nominal diameter from 252 mm to 1000 mm
DIN 13-28	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 28: Coarse and Fine Screw Threads from 1 to 250 mm Screw Thread Diameter; Root Cross-sections, Tensile Stress Cross-sections and Pitch Angles
DIN 13-50	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 50: Combination of tolerance classes for formed internal screw threads
DIN 13-51	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 51: External screw threads for transition fits (former: screw threads for interference fit); tolerances, limit deviations, limits of sizes
DIN 13-52	ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Part 52: Multi-start thread tolerances and deviation of profile
DIN 15-2	Technical drawings; lines; general application	DIN ISO 128-24
DIN 16	Oblique Standard Typeface for Drawings
DIN 17	Upright Standard Typeface for Drawings
DIN 38	Plain bearings; bearing metal lining for thick-walled multilayer plain bearings
DIN 74	Countersinks for countersunk head screws (except screws with DIN EN 27721 head)
DIN 76-1	Thread run-outs and thread undercuts for ISO metric threads in accordance with DIN 13-1
DIN 76-2	Thread run-outs and thread undercuts for pipe threads conforming to ISO 228 part 1
DIN 76-3	Runouts, Undercuts for Trapezoidal Threads, Buttress Threads and Knuckle Threads and other Threads of Coarse Pitch
DIN 78	Protrusions of bolt ends	DIN EN ISO 4753 (governs thread ends for bolts assembled with hexagon slotted nuts)	ISO 4753
DIN 84	Product grade A slotted cheese head screws	DIN EN ISO 1207	ISO 1207
DIN 85	Product grade A slotted pan head screws	DIN EN ISO 1580	ISO 1580
DIN 88	Product slotted oval head countersunk machine screws	ISO 2010-1983[1]
DIN 93	Tab washers with long tab
DIN 94	Split pins	DIN EN ISO 1234	ISO 1234
DIN 95	Slotted Raised Countersunk (Oval) Head Wood Screws
DIN 96	Slotted Round Head Wood Screws
DIN 101	Rivets - Technical specifications
DIN 103-1	ISO Metric Trapezoidal Screw Thread; Profiles

Showing 1 to 50 of 792 entries

McMaster (U.S,)

OPAC (Spanish)

WIKIPEDIA (List of standards)

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Safety factor

Posted on June 30, 2019December 8, 2023 by JAB

30
Jun

Safety factor

Nductile ≥ max(N1, N2, N3) ; based on yield strength

Nbrittle ≥ max(N1, N2, N3) ; based on ultimate strength

N = N1 . N2

N1 = f(A, B, C), from the first table

N2 = f(D, E) , from the second table

Parameters:

A Quality of materials, workmanship, maintenance and inspection

B Control over applied loads

C Accuracy of stress analysis, experimental data, or experience with similar parts

D Danger to people

E Economic impact

The transition from engineering model to reality is usually facilitated by including a factor of safety in the design to accommodate uncertainly in material properties and the design process, the consequences of failure, risk to people and degree of characterization of and control over the service environment.

Safety factor is a simple ratio that is intended to be greater than 1.

$N=frac{capacity}{load}=frac{strength}{stress}> 1$

Safety factors for ductile materials are based on yield strength. Safety factors for brittle materials are based on ultimate strength and are twice the recommended values for ductile materials. Safety factors for primarily cyclic loading are based on endurance limit. Impact loads require a safety factor of at least 2 multiplied by an impact factor from 1.1 to 2.

The factor safety is often specified in a design code or standard.

Factor safety is affected by:

Material strength basis: Brittle materials use ultimate strength and ductile use yield strength.
Manner of loading: Static applied slowly, repeated; fatigue failure may occur; impact; high initial stresses develop.
Possible misuse: Designer must consider any reasonable foreseeable use of misuse of product.
Complexity of stress analysis.
Environment: Temperature, weather, radiation, quimical…
Hazard of failure; What happens if the parts fail?
Cost.
Market segment: Different safety factor for different markets (aerospace, health…)

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Square head shaft

Posted on May 30, 2019December 9, 2023 by JAB

30
May

Square head shaft

Calculation

Yield strength

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Bolt axial force vs torque

Posted on May 23, 2019December 8, 2023 by JAB

23
May

Bolt axial force vs torque

Calculation
Comments

Friction coefficient

The torque required to tighten the bolt:

$T=Kcdot Fcdot d$

Where:

T: Torque (N.m)

K: Torque coefficient

F: Axial preload force (N)

d: Nominal bolt diameter (mm)

The torque coefficient:

$K=0.5cdot left ( frac{lcdot cosalpha +pi cdot dcdot mu }{pi cdot dcdot cosalpha -lcdot mu } right )+0.625 cdot mu _{c}$

Where:

l: Lead (mm)

α: Half angle of the screw thread (°)

d: Nominal bolt diameter (mm)

µ: Thread friction coefficient

µ_c: Collar friction coefficient

Common torque coefficient values for µ=µ_c=0.15:

Bolt condition	K
Non plated black finish steel bolts	0.3
Mild steel bolts	0.2
Zinc plated steel bolts	0.2
Lubricated steel bolts	0.18
Cadmium plated steel bolts	0.16
With bowman anti-seize	0.12
With bowman-grip nuts	0.09

It is estimated that roughly 90% of the input energy is lost in overcoming the mating friction under the head (collar) and between the thread or nut and its mating threads. Consequently only the remaining 10% of input energy is turned into bolt stretch.

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Cantilever snap joint

Posted on May 9, 2019December 9, 2023 by JAB

09
May

Cantilever snap joint

Young modulus Friction coefficient

Bayer – Snap-Fit joints for plastics

This calculation is for a snap-fitting hook of rectangular cross section.There are two types which can be choosen for the calculation. Type 1 is a snap-fitting hook of a constant rectangular cross section and Type 2 is a snap-fitting hook of rectangular cross section with a constant decrease in thickness from h at the root to h/2 at the end of the hook. Young modulus and Yield strength of the material have to be choosen. The Deflection Force is the force required to bend the arm the value of the introduced deflection (y). Introducing the friction coefficient of the material and the angle of the arm according with the shape represented in picture, the mating force is calculated. This is the force required for introducing the snap-fitting hook. The calculus allows to ensure that the yield strength of the material won’t be exceeded as long as the safety coeficient is higher that 1. This calculation is an approximation because of we are only taking into account the shear due to bending.

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Thread identification guide

Posted on April 4, 2019May 9, 2019 by JCA

04
Apr

Thread identification guide

Guide

STEP 1

Determine if the thread is tapered or parallel/straight.

Measure the thread with a caliper at the beginning and the end. If the diameters increase for a male end or decrease for a female end, the thread is tapered. If it is the same value the thread is straight/parallel.

STEP 2

Determine the thread size and type. Imperial sizes are normally common fractions ¼”=0.25”.

Measure the outside diameter OD for male and inside ID for female threads.

If the thread is tapered measure the diameter of 4^th or 5^th full thread.

The diameter measurement obtained in this step may not be exactly the same as the listed nominal size for the given thread. This variation is due to manufacturing tolerances.

STEP 3

Determine the pitch for metric or the amount of threads per inch (T.P.I) for imperial sizes.

In both cases Thread pitch gauges can be used.

TPI	28	27	24	20	19	18	16	14	12	11.5	11	8
Thread pitch (mm)	0.91	0.94	1.06	1.27	1.34	1.4	1.59	1.81	2.12	2.21	2.31	3.18

Check for any markings on fitting or equipment which may be a clue to thread type. Country of origin may provide a clue.

Europe (DIN,BSP), America (NPT, JIC, UNO, ORFS), UK/Australia (BSP), Japan (JIS).

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Thread types

Posted on March 27, 2019May 16, 2019 by JAB

27
Mar

Thread types

Types

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Symbol	Angle	Parallel/tapered	Standard	Description	Application
A/B	60°	Parallel	DIN 4503, ISO 1222	Tripod connection thread	Connections to photografic equipment.
ACME-C	29°		ANSI B1.5 (1977)	Acme thread centralizing
ACME-G	29°		ANSI B1.5 (1977)	Acme thread general purpose
AMO	55°		ANSI B1.11 (1958)	American standard microscope objective thread
ANPT	60°		MIL-P-7105	Aeronautical national form taper pipe thread
API	60°			American national taper form thread for petroleum installations
BA	47°30'		BS93 (1951)	British association thread
BSC	60°		BS811 (1950)	British norm thread for bicycles
BSF	55°	Parallel	BS84 (1956)	Whithworth fine thread
BSW	55°	Parallel	BS84 (1956)	Whithworth coarse thread
E	-		DIN 40400, DIN 49612, DIN 49610, DIN 49625	Edison form thread	Electrical thread.
EG M	60°	Parallel	DIN 8140-2	Metric ISO thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts	For wire thread inserts.
EG-UNC	60°	Parallel	MS 33537	Unified coarse thread series for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
EG-UNF	60°	Parallel	ASME B18.29.1	Unified fine thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
FG	60°	Parallel	DIN 79012	Bicycle thread	For cycles and motor-scooters.
G	55°	Parallel	DIN ISO 228, DIN 6630	Pipe parallel ISO thread	For pressure tight joints are not made on the thread. External and internal pipe thread. Packaging; external thread for barrels.
G	55°	Parallel	BS2779 (1973)	Pipe whitworth thread (BSP)parallel
Gf		Tapered	DIN 4930	Round tapered thread	Tubes and tunneling
Gg	60°	Tapered (1:16)	DIN 4941	Tapered thread	For drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
Gg	30°-30°	Tapered (1:4)	DIN 20314	Tapered thread	For drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
GL	30°-60°	Parallel	DIN 168-1	Cylindrical round thread	For glass containers.
Glasg	30°-50°	Parallel	DIN 40450	Glasg thread for glass	Electric industry: glass fittings, protection glasses.
HA-HB			DIN 58810	Bone screw thread	For surgical implants, external and internal thread.
KT	20°	Parallel	DIN 6063	Trapezoidal thread	Preferably for packages made of plastics.
LN	60°	Parallel	LN 9163, EN 2158	ISO Metric thread for aviation	Aviation and aerospace.
M	60°	Parallel	DIN 13, DIN 14, ISO 68, DIN 6630, LN 9163, DIN 2510	Metric coarse ISO thread	General engineering, watches, fine work, packaging; external thread for barrels, aviation, aerospace and bolted connections with reduced shank.
M	60°	Tapered (1:16)	DIN 158	Taper metric ISO thread	Plugs and grease nipples.
MF	60°	Parallel	DIN 13, DIN EN 60423	Metric fine ISO thread
MFS	60°	Parallel	DIN 8141-1	ISO Metric thread for tight fit
MJ	60°	Parallel	DIN ISO 5855	Metric ISO thread for aeronautics	Aviation and aerospace.
N	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national 8-12-16 TPI pitch series (8N, 12N, 16N)
N-BUTT	45°+5°		ANSI B1.9 (1973)	American BUTTRESS thread
NC	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national coarse thread series
NEF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national extra fine thread series
NF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national fine thread series
NGO	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	National gas outlet thread (specify RH or LH)
NGS	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	National gas straight thread
NGT	60°		ANSI B57.1 (1977)	National gas taper thread (see also SGT)
NH	60°		ANSI B2.4 H28 (1966)	American national firehouse and hose coupling thread
NPS	60°			American standard straight pipe thread NSPC & NPSM
NPSC	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread in pipe couplings (marked NPS)
NPSF	60°		ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	Dryseal American standard internal straight pipe thread (fuel)
NPSH	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for hose couplings
NPSI	60°		ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	American standard intermediate internal straight pipe thread
NPSL	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for loose-fitting mechanical joints
NPSM	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for free-fitting mechanical joints
NPT	60°	Tapered (1:16)	ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard tapered pipe thread	For threads with dryseal material.
NPTF	60°	Tapered (1:16)	ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	American standard tapered pipe thread (fuel)	For threads without dryseal material.
NPTR	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard taper pipe thread for railing joints (tap market NPT)
NS	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national thread special pitches

Showing 1 to 50 of 84 entries

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Keyways dimensioning

Posted on October 20, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCA

20
Oct

Keyways dimensioning

Calculation

DIN 6885

Roller Chain

BELT LENGTH CALCULATOR

DIN STANDARD PARTS

Safety factor

Square head shaft

Bolt axial force vs torque

Cantilever snap joint

Thread identification guide

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

Thread types

Keyways dimensioning

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