Category Archives: Info

. All, 1. Mechanics, Info, Materials, Tables, Uncategorized

Mechanical properties of materials

Posted on by JCA
08
Aug

Mechanical properties of materials

INTERNATIONAL MATERIAL
TYPEEN MATERIAL NUMBEROTHER MATERIAL
DESIGNATION		FORMING PROCESSMODULUS OF ELASTICITY
E (MPa)		MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
G (MPa)		DENSITY
ρ (kg/m3)		POISSON'S RATIO
ν		YIELD STRENGTH
Re; Rp0,2 (MPa)		TENSILE STRENGTH
Rm (MPa)		COMMENTS
CARBON STEEL1.0045
STAINLESS STEEL1.431021200080300.3205515
STAINLESS STEEL1.430519300080000.25240620
STAINLESS STEEL1.430119300079000.29210505
STAINLESS STEEL1.430719300079000.29210505
STAINLESS STEEL1.440119300080000.3240550
STAINLESS STEEL1.443519300080000.3240550
BRONZE10342188500.34110250Type CUSN12 - B12
POM C (DELRIN)3000139063115
POLICARBONATE220012000.3765-3565
PMMA (METHACRYLATE)330011800.4572
TITANIUM1150004730830900
STRUCTURAL STEEL A361.0117200000772007860250400
ALUMINUM 1100-H14700002600027100.339511099% Al
ALUMINUM 2014-T675000270002800400455
ALUMINUM 2024-T4730002800325470
ALUMINUM 5456-H116720002630230315
ALUMINUM 6061-T6700002600027100.33240260
ALUMINUM 7075-T6 72000280002800500570
GLASS650004100219098% silica

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. All, Info, Mechanical elements

Safety factor

Posted on by JAB
30
Jun

Safety factor

Nductile ≥ max(N1, N2, N3) ; based on yield strength

Nbrittle ≥ max(N1, N2, N3) ; based on ultimate strength

N = N1 . N2

N1 = f(A, B, C), from the first table

N2 = f(D, E) , from the second table

Parameters:

A             Quality of materials, workmanship, maintenance and inspection

B             Control over applied loads

C             Accuracy of stress analysis, experimental data, or experience with similar parts

D             Danger to people

E             Economic impact

The transition from engineering model to reality is usually facilitated by including a factor of safety in the design to accommodate uncertainly in material properties and the design process, the consequences of failure, risk to people and degree of characterization of and control over the service environment.

Safety factor is a simple ratio that is intended to be greater than 1.

N=frac{capacity}{load}=frac{strength}{stress}> 1

Safety factors for ductile materials are based on yield strength. Safety factors for brittle materials are based on ultimate strength and are twice the recommended values for ductile materials. Safety factors for primarily cyclic loading are based on endurance limit. Impact loads require a safety factor of at least 2 multiplied by an impact factor from 1.1 to 2.

The factor safety is often specified in a design code or standard.

Factor safety is affected by:

  1. Material strength basis: Brittle materials use ultimate strength and ductile use yield strength.
  2. Manner of loading: Static applied slowly, repeated; fatigue failure may occur; impact; high initial stresses develop.
  3. Possible misuse: Designer must consider any reasonable foreseeable use of misuse of product.
  4. Complexity of stress analysis.
  5. Environment: Temperature, weather, radiation, quimical…
  6. Hazard of failure; What happens if the parts fail?
  7. Cost.
  8. Market segment: Different safety factor for different markets (aerospace, health…)

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. All, 4. Hydraulics, Info, Tables, Uncategorized

Colours for the identification of pipelines

Posted on by JAB
13
Jun

Colours for the identification of pipelines

DIN 2403 defines the identification of pipes according to the fluid conveyed.

The pipelines shall be clearly idetified by labels specifying the nature of the fluid conveyed with labels or adhesive labels. The size of the labels shall be selected fron DIN 825 Part 1.

Standards and other documents referred to:

DIN 825 Part 1                   Dimensions of nameplates; square and rectangular nameplates

DIN 1304                              Symbols for formulae

DIN 6164 Part1                 DIN colour chart

DIN 25400                           Warning symbol for ionizing radiation

RAL 840 HR                        Colour register

ANSI/ASME A13.1           Pipe identification standard used in the United States

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. All, Info, Mechanical elements, Threads

Thread identification guide

Posted on by JCA
04
Apr

Thread identification guide

STEP 1

Determine if the thread is tapered or parallel/straight.

Measure the thread with a caliper at the beginning and the end. If the diameters increase for a male end or decrease for a female end, the thread is tapered. If it is the same value the thread is straight/parallel.

STEP 2

Determine the thread size and type. Imperial sizes are normally common fractions ¼”=0.25”.

Measure the outside diameter OD for male and inside ID for female threads.

If the thread is tapered measure the diameter of 4th or 5th full thread.

The diameter measurement obtained in this step may not be exactly the same as the listed nominal size for the given thread. This variation is due to manufacturing tolerances.

STEP 3

Determine the pitch for metric or the amount of threads per inch (T.P.I) for imperial sizes.

In both cases Thread pitch gauges can be used.

TPI 28 27 24 20 19 18  16  14  12 11.5 11 8
Thread pitch (mm) 0.91 0.94 1.06 1.27  1.34  1.4  1.59  1.81  2.12 2.21 2.31 3.18

Check for any markings on fitting or equipment which may be a clue to thread type. Country of origin may provide a clue.

Europe (DIN,BSP), America (NPT, JIC, UNO, ORFS), UK/Australia (BSP), Japan (JIS).

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. All, Info, Mechanical elements, Tables

Thread types

Posted on by JAB
27
Mar

Thread types

SymbolAngleParallel/taperedStandardDescriptionApplication
A/B60°ParallelDIN 4503, ISO 1222Tripod connection threadConnections to photografic equipment.
ACME-C29°ANSI B1.5 (1977)Acme thread centralizing
ACME-G29°ANSI B1.5 (1977)Acme thread general purpose
AMO55°ANSI B1.11 (1958)American standard microscope objective thread
ANPT60°MIL-P-7105Aeronautical national form taper pipe thread
API60°American national taper form thread for petroleum installations
BA47°30'BS93 (1951)British association thread
BSC60°BS811 (1950)British norm thread for bicycles
BSF55°ParallelBS84 (1956)Whithworth fine thread
BSW55°ParallelBS84 (1956)Whithworth coarse thread
E-DIN 40400, DIN 49612, DIN 49610, DIN 49625Edison form threadElectrical thread.
EG M60°ParallelDIN 8140-2Metric ISO thread for helical coil wire screw thread insertsFor wire thread inserts.
EG-UNC60°ParallelMS 33537Unified coarse thread series for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
EG-UNF60°ParallelASME B18.29.1Unified fine thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
FG60°ParallelDIN 79012Bicycle threadFor cycles and motor-scooters.
G55°ParallelDIN ISO 228, DIN 6630Pipe parallel ISO threadFor pressure tight joints are not made on the thread. External and internal pipe thread. Packaging; external thread for barrels.
G55°ParallelBS2779 (1973)Pipe whitworth thread (BSP)parallel
GfTaperedDIN 4930Round tapered threadTubes and tunneling
Gg60°Tapered (1:16)DIN 4941Tapered threadFor drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
Gg30°-30°Tapered (1:4)DIN 20314Tapered threadFor drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
GL30°-60°ParallelDIN 168-1Cylindrical round threadFor glass containers.
Glasg30°-50°ParallelDIN 40450Glasg thread for glassElectric industry: glass fittings, protection glasses.
HA-HBDIN 58810Bone screw threadFor surgical implants, external and internal thread.
KT20°ParallelDIN 6063Trapezoidal threadPreferably for packages made of plastics.
LN60°ParallelLN 9163, EN 2158ISO Metric thread for aviationAviation and aerospace.
M60°ParallelDIN 13, DIN 14, ISO 68, DIN 6630, LN 9163, DIN 2510Metric coarse ISO threadGeneral engineering, watches, fine work, packaging; external thread for barrels, aviation, aerospace and bolted connections with reduced shank.
M60°Tapered (1:16)DIN 158Taper metric ISO threadPlugs and grease nipples.
MF60°ParallelDIN 13, DIN EN 60423Metric fine ISO thread
MFS60°ParallelDIN 8141-1ISO Metric thread for tight fit
MJ60°ParallelDIN ISO 5855Metric ISO thread for aeronauticsAviation and aerospace.
N60°ANSI B1.1 (1960)American national 8-12-16 TPI pitch series (8N, 12N, 16N)
N-BUTT45°+5°ANSI B1.9 (1973)American BUTTRESS thread
NC60°ANSI B1.1 (1960)American national coarse thread series
NEF60°ANSI B1.1 (1960)American national extra fine thread series
NF60°ANSI B1.1 (1960)American national fine thread series
NGO60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)National gas outlet thread (specify RH or LH)
NGS60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)National gas straight thread
NGT60°ANSI B57.1 (1977)National gas taper thread (see also SGT)
NH60°ANSI B2.4 H28 (1966)American national firehouse and hose coupling thread
NPS60°American standard straight pipe thread NSPC & NPSM
NPSC60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard straight pipe thread in pipe couplings (marked NPS)
NPSF60°ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)Dryseal American standard internal straight pipe thread (fuel)
NPSH60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard straight pipe thread for hose couplings
NPSI60°ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)American standard intermediate internal straight pipe thread
NPSL60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard straight pipe thread for loose-fitting mechanical joints
NPSM60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard straight pipe thread for free-fitting mechanical joints
NPT60°Tapered (1:16)ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard tapered pipe thread For threads with dryseal material.
NPTF60°Tapered (1:16)ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)American standard tapered pipe thread (fuel)For threads without dryseal material.
NPTR60°ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)American standard taper pipe thread for railing joints (tap market NPT)
NS60°ANSI B1.1 (1960)American national thread special pitches
Pg80°ParallelDIN 40430Steel electrical conduit threadFor electric installations.
PTF60°ANSI B1.20.1 (1976) Dryseal SAE short taper pipe thread
R55°ParallelDIN 259Pipe parallel whitworth threadFor pressure tight joints are not made on the thread. Piping, do not use in new designs.
R55°Tapered (1:16)BS21 (1985), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1, DIN 2999, DIN 3858External dryseal pipe taper thread (BSPT)Tapered Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
Rc55°Tapered (1:16)BS21 (1985), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1Internal dryseal pipe taper thread (BSPT)Tapered Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
Rd30°ParallelDIN 405, DIN 20400, DIN 15403, DIN 7273Rounded threadGeneral, for mining industry, for lifting hooks, for steel sheet items and related joints.
RMS55°ParallelDIN 58888RMS-threadObjective for microscope.
Rp55°ParallelDIN 2999, DIN 3858Internal dryseal parallel threadInternal thread for pipes and fittings.
Rp55°ParallelBS21 (1973), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1Pipe parallel thread (BSPP)Cylindrical Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
S30°+3°ParallelDIN 513, DIN 20401Saw form threadGeneral. Mining industry.
S45°ParallelDIN 2781Saw form threadFor machine tools, hydraulic presses.
S105°Tapered (7°30')DIN 71412Self forming taper external threadTaper lubricating nipple. Similar to DIN 158 but 105° thread angle.
SBManufacturers stovebolt standards thread
SGT60°ANSI B57.1 (1977)Special gas taper thread
SPL-PTF60°ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)Dryseal special taper pipe thread
ST60°ParallelDIN 7970, DIN EN ISO 1478Sheet metal screw threadFor tapping screws.
STI60°Special thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
STUB-ACME29°ANSI B1.8 (1977)Stub Acme thread
Tr30°ParallelDIN 103, DIN 380, DIN 263, DIN 6341, DIN 30295Trapezoidal threadGeneral, for rail vehicles, for collet chucks.
UN60°ANSI B1.1 (1982)Unified 8-12-16 TPI pitch series
UN-860°ASME B1.1Unified thread for special diameters and pitches
UNC60°ANSI B1.1 (1982)Unified coarse thread series
UNEF60°ANSI B1.1 (1982)Unified extra fine thread series
UNF60°ANSI B1.1 (1982)Unified fine thread series
UNJ60°BS 4048 (1978)Unified constant pitch with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJC60°BS 4048 (1978), ASME B1.15Unified coarse thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJEF60°BS 4048 (1978)Unified extra fine thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJF60°BS 4048 (1978), ASME B1.15Unified fine thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNM60°ASA B1.10 (1958)Unified miniature thread series
UNS60°ANSI B1.1 (1982)Unified thread special pitches
V60°60° "V" thread with truncated crest and root(flatted to the user's specifications)
Vg60°ParallelDIN 7756Valves threadValves for tires.
W55°ParallelDIN 477Parallel whitworth threadCylindrical thread for side connections.
W keg55°Tapered (3:25)DIN 477, DIN EN 144-1, DIN EN 629-1, DIN EN ISO 11116-1Tapered thread for screw socketsGas cylinders, thread for side nozzles.

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. All, Info, Technical drawing

Tool dimensions

Posted on by JAB
24
Jan

Tool dimensions

ISO 1085
DIN 3110

ScrewSWDBCL
M36163.85.4100
M47184.26.3100
M58194.87.2110
M6102359110
M813327.811.7110
M10174010.215.3140
M12194411.417.1160
M14224913.219.8170
M16245414.421.6180
M18276016.224.3190
M2030661827200
M22327019.228.8210
M24367821.632.4220

ISO 2936
DIN 911

ScrewsAB
M32.55618
M436320
M547025
M658028
M869032
M10810036
M121011240
M141212545
M161414056
M181414056
M201716063
M221716063
M241918070
ScrewSWDBAL
M3691023104
M47111123116
M58131327125
M610151535160
M813191945188
M1017252452255
M1219272960285
M1422313170314
M1624343475342
M1827384080375
M2030424385400
M2232454590420
M2436505295440

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. All, Formulas, Info

ASCII characters and symbols

Posted on by JCF
27
Apr

ASCII characters and symbols

Alt+numAscii symbolDescription
0NULLNull character
1SOHStart of Header
2STXStart of Text
3ETXEnd of Text
4EOTEnd of Transmission
5ENQEnquiry
6ACKAcknowledgement
7BELBell
8BSBackspace
9HTHorizontal Tab
10LFLine feed
11VTVertical Tab
12FFForm feed
13CRCarriage return
14SOShift Out
15SIShift In
16DLEData link escape
17DC1Device control 1
18DC2Device control 2
19DC3Device control 3
20DC4Device control 4
21NAKNegative acknowledgement
22SYNSynchronous idle
23ETBEnd of transmission block
24CANCancel
25EMEnd of medium
26SUBSubstitute
27ESCEscape
28FSFile separator
29GSGroup separator
30RSRecord separator
31USUnit separator
32 Space
33!Exclamation mark
34"Quotation mark ; quotes
130életter "e" with acute accent or "e-acute"
131âletter "a" with circumflex accent or "a-circumflex"
132äletter "a" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "a-umlaut"
133àletter "a" with grave accent
134åletter "a" with a ring
135çMinuscule c-cedilla
136êletter "e" with circumflex accent or "e-circumflex"
137ëletter "e" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "e-umlaut"
138èletter "e" with grave accent
139ïletter "i" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "i-umlaut"
140îletter "i" with circumflex accent or "i-circumflex"
141ìletter "i" with grave accent
142Äletter "A" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "A-umlaut"
143ÅCapital letter "A" with a ring
144ÉCapital letter "E" with acute accent or "E-acute"
145æLatin diphthong "ae" in lowercase
146ÆLatin diphthong "AE" in uppercase
147ôletter "o" with circumflex accent or "o-circumflex"
148öletter "o" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "o-umlaut"
149òletter "o" with grave accent
150ûletter "u" with circumflex accent or "u-circumflex"
151ùletter "u" with grave accent
152ÿLowercase letter "y" with diaeresis
153Öletter "O" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "O-umlaut"
154Ületter "U" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "U-umlaut"
155øslashed zero or empty set
156£Pound sign ; symbol for the pound sterling
157Øslashed zero or empty set
158×multiplication sign
159ƒfunction sign ; f with hook sign ; florin sign
160áletter "a" with acute accent or "a-acute"
161íletter "i" with acute accent or "i-acute"
162óletter "o" with acute accent or "o-acute"
163úletter "u" with acute accent or "u-acute"
164ñletter "n" with tilde ; enye
165Ñletter "N" with tilde ; enye
166ªfeminine ordinal indicator
167ºmasculine ordinal indicator
168¿Inverted question marks
169®Registered trademark symbol
170¬Logical negation symbol
171½One half
172¼Quarter or one fourth
173¡Inverted exclamation marks
174«Angle quotes or guillemets
175»Guillemets or angle quotes
176░Square grey dash 25%
177▒Square grey dash 50%
178▓Square grey dash 75%
179│Box drawing character
180┤Box drawing character
181ÁCapital letter "A" with acute accent or "A-acute"
182Âletter "A" with circumflex accent or "A-circumflex"
183Àletter "A" with grave accent
184©Copyright symbol
185╣Box drawing character
186║Box drawing character
187╗Box drawing character
188╝Box drawing character
189¢Cent symbol
190¥YEN and YUAN sign
191┐Box drawing character
192\Box drawing character
193┴Box drawing character
194┬Box drawing character
195├Box drawing character
196─Box drawing character
197┼Box drawing character
198ãLowercase letter "a" with tilde or "a-tilde"
199ÃCapital letter "A" with tilde or "A-tilde"
200╚Box drawing character
201╔Box drawing character
202╩Box drawing character
203╦Box drawing character
204╠Box drawing character
205═Box drawing character
206╬Box drawing character
207¤generic currency sign
208ðLowercase letter "eth"
209ÐCapital letter "Eth"
210Êletter "E" with circumflex accent or "E-circumflex"
211Ëletter "E" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "E-umlaut"
212Èletter "E" with grave accent
213ılowercase dot less i
214ÍCapital letter "I" with acute accent or "I-acute"
215Îletter "I" with circumflex accent or "I-circumflex"
216Ïletter "I" with umlaut or diaeresis ; "I-umlaut"
217┘Box drawing character
218┌Box drawing character
219█Block
220▄Bottom half block
221¦vertical broken bar
222Ìletter "I" with grave accent
223▀Top half block
224ÓCapital letter "O" with acute accent or "O-acute"
225ßletter "Eszett" ; "scharfes S" or "sharp S"
226Ôletter "O" with circumflex accent or "O-circumflex"
227Òletter "O" with grave accent
228õletter "o" with tilde or "o-tilde"
229Õletter "O" with tilde or "O-tilde"
230µLowercase letter "Mu" ; micro sign or micron
231þLowercase letter "Thorn"
232ÞCapital letter "thorn"
233ÚCapital letter "U" with acute accent or "U-acute"
234Ûletter "U" with circumflex accent or "U-circumflex"
235Ùletter "U" with grave accent
236ýLowercase letter "y" with acute accent
237ÝCapital letter "Y" with acute accent
238¯macron symbol
239´Acute accent
240­­­Hyphen
241±Plus-minus sign
242‗underline or underscore
243¾three quarters
244paragraph sign or pilcrow
245§Section sign
246÷The division sign ; Obelus
247¸cedilla
248°degree symbol
249¨Diaeresis
250·Interpunct or space dot
251¹superscript one
252³cube or superscript three
253²Square or superscript two
254■black square
255nbspnon-breaking space or no-break space

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