1. Mechanics – Page 2

. All, Info, Mechanical elements, Threads

Thread identification guide

Posted on April 4, 2019May 9, 2019 by JCA

04
Apr

Thread identification guide

Guide

STEP 1

Determine if the thread is tapered or parallel/straight.

Measure the thread with a caliper at the beginning and the end. If the diameters increase for a male end or decrease for a female end, the thread is tapered. If it is the same value the thread is straight/parallel.

STEP 2

Determine the thread size and type. Imperial sizes are normally common fractions ¼”=0.25”.

Measure the outside diameter OD for male and inside ID for female threads.

If the thread is tapered measure the diameter of 4^th or 5^th full thread.

The diameter measurement obtained in this step may not be exactly the same as the listed nominal size for the given thread. This variation is due to manufacturing tolerances.

STEP 3

Determine the pitch for metric or the amount of threads per inch (T.P.I) for imperial sizes.

In both cases Thread pitch gauges can be used.

TPI	28	27	24	20	19	18	16	14	12	11.5	11	8
Thread pitch (mm)	0.91	0.94	1.06	1.27	1.34	1.4	1.59	1.81	2.12	2.21	2.31	3.18

Check for any markings on fitting or equipment which may be a clue to thread type. Country of origin may provide a clue.

Europe (DIN,BSP), America (NPT, JIC, UNO, ORFS), UK/Australia (BSP), Japan (JIS).

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. All, Info, Mechanical elements, Tables

Thread types

Posted on March 27, 2019May 16, 2019 by JAB

27
Mar

Thread types

Types

Symbol	Angle	Parallel/tapered	Standard	Description	Application
A/B	60°	Parallel	DIN 4503, ISO 1222	Tripod connection thread	Connections to photografic equipment.
ACME-C	29°		ANSI B1.5 (1977)	Acme thread centralizing
ACME-G	29°		ANSI B1.5 (1977)	Acme thread general purpose
AMO	55°		ANSI B1.11 (1958)	American standard microscope objective thread
ANPT	60°		MIL-P-7105	Aeronautical national form taper pipe thread
API	60°			American national taper form thread for petroleum installations
BA	47°30'		BS93 (1951)	British association thread
BSC	60°		BS811 (1950)	British norm thread for bicycles
BSF	55°	Parallel	BS84 (1956)	Whithworth fine thread
BSW	55°	Parallel	BS84 (1956)	Whithworth coarse thread
E	-		DIN 40400, DIN 49612, DIN 49610, DIN 49625	Edison form thread	Electrical thread.
EG M	60°	Parallel	DIN 8140-2	Metric ISO thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts	For wire thread inserts.
EG-UNC	60°	Parallel	MS 33537	Unified coarse thread series for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
EG-UNF	60°	Parallel	ASME B18.29.1	Unified fine thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
FG	60°	Parallel	DIN 79012	Bicycle thread	For cycles and motor-scooters.
G	55°	Parallel	DIN ISO 228, DIN 6630	Pipe parallel ISO thread	For pressure tight joints are not made on the thread. External and internal pipe thread. Packaging; external thread for barrels.
G	55°	Parallel	BS2779 (1973)	Pipe whitworth thread (BSP)parallel
Gf		Tapered	DIN 4930	Round tapered thread	Tubes and tunneling
Gg	60°	Tapered (1:16)	DIN 4941	Tapered thread	For drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
Gg	30°-30°	Tapered (1:4)	DIN 20314	Tapered thread	For drill pipes in water and rock drilling, mining.
GL	30°-60°	Parallel	DIN 168-1	Cylindrical round thread	For glass containers.
Glasg	30°-50°	Parallel	DIN 40450	Glasg thread for glass	Electric industry: glass fittings, protection glasses.
HA-HB			DIN 58810	Bone screw thread	For surgical implants, external and internal thread.
KT	20°	Parallel	DIN 6063	Trapezoidal thread	Preferably for packages made of plastics.
LN	60°	Parallel	LN 9163, EN 2158	ISO Metric thread for aviation	Aviation and aerospace.
M	60°	Parallel	DIN 13, DIN 14, ISO 68, DIN 6630, LN 9163, DIN 2510	Metric coarse ISO thread	General engineering, watches, fine work, packaging; external thread for barrels, aviation, aerospace and bolted connections with reduced shank.
M	60°	Tapered (1:16)	DIN 158	Taper metric ISO thread	Plugs and grease nipples.
MF	60°	Parallel	DIN 13, DIN EN 60423	Metric fine ISO thread
MFS	60°	Parallel	DIN 8141-1	ISO Metric thread for tight fit
MJ	60°	Parallel	DIN ISO 5855	Metric ISO thread for aeronautics	Aviation and aerospace.
N	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national 8-12-16 TPI pitch series (8N, 12N, 16N)
N-BUTT	45°+5°		ANSI B1.9 (1973)	American BUTTRESS thread
NC	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national coarse thread series
NEF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national extra fine thread series
NF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national fine thread series
NGO	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	National gas outlet thread (specify RH or LH)
NGS	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	National gas straight thread
NGT	60°		ANSI B57.1 (1977)	National gas taper thread (see also SGT)
NH	60°		ANSI B2.4 H28 (1966)	American national firehouse and hose coupling thread
NPS	60°			American standard straight pipe thread NSPC & NPSM
NPSC	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread in pipe couplings (marked NPS)
NPSF	60°		ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	Dryseal American standard internal straight pipe thread (fuel)
NPSH	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for hose couplings
NPSI	60°		ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	American standard intermediate internal straight pipe thread
NPSL	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for loose-fitting mechanical joints
NPSM	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard straight pipe thread for free-fitting mechanical joints
NPT	60°	Tapered (1:16)	ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard tapered pipe thread	For threads with dryseal material.
NPTF	60°	Tapered (1:16)	ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	American standard tapered pipe thread (fuel)	For threads without dryseal material.
NPTR	60°		ANSI/ASME-B1.20.1 (1983)	American standard taper pipe thread for railing joints (tap market NPT)
NS	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1960)	American national thread special pitches
Pg	80°	Parallel	DIN 40430	Steel electrical conduit thread	For electric installations.
PTF	60°		ANSI B1.20.1 (1976)	Dryseal SAE short taper pipe thread
R	55°	Parallel	DIN 259	Pipe parallel whitworth thread	For pressure tight joints are not made on the thread. Piping, do not use in new designs.
R	55°	Tapered (1:16)	BS21 (1985), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1, DIN 2999, DIN 3858	External dryseal pipe taper thread (BSPT)	Tapered Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
Rc	55°	Tapered (1:16)	BS21 (1985), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1	Internal dryseal pipe taper thread (BSPT)	Tapered Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
Rd	30°	Parallel	DIN 405, DIN 20400, DIN 15403, DIN 7273	Rounded thread	General, for mining industry, for lifting hooks, for steel sheet items and related joints.
RMS	55°	Parallel	DIN 58888	RMS-thread	Objective for microscope.
Rp	55°	Parallel	DIN 2999, DIN 3858	Internal dryseal parallel thread	Internal thread for pipes and fittings.
Rp	55°	Parallel	BS21 (1973), DIN EN 10226-1, ISO 7-1	Pipe parallel thread (BSPP)	Cylindrical Whitworth pipe thread where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads.
S	30°+3°	Parallel	DIN 513, DIN 20401	Saw form thread	General. Mining industry.
S	45°	Parallel	DIN 2781	Saw form thread	For machine tools, hydraulic presses.
S	105°	Tapered (7°30')	DIN 71412	Self forming taper external thread	Taper lubricating nipple. Similar to DIN 158 but 105° thread angle.
SB				Manufacturers stovebolt standards thread
SGT	60°		ANSI B57.1 (1977)	Special gas taper thread
SPL-PTF	60°		ANSI B1.20.3 (1976)	Dryseal special taper pipe thread
ST	60°	Parallel	DIN 7970, DIN EN ISO 1478	Sheet metal screw thread	For tapping screws.
STI	60°			Special thread for helical coil wire screw thread inserts
STUB-ACME	29°		ANSI B1.8 (1977)	Stub Acme thread
Tr	30°	Parallel	DIN 103, DIN 380, DIN 263, DIN 6341, DIN 30295	Trapezoidal thread	General, for rail vehicles, for collet chucks.
UN	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1982)	Unified 8-12-16 TPI pitch series
UN-8	60°		ASME B1.1	Unified thread for special diameters and pitches
UNC	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1982)	Unified coarse thread series
UNEF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1982)	Unified extra fine thread series
UNF	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1982)	Unified fine thread series
UNJ	60°		BS 4048 (1978)	Unified constant pitch with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJC	60°		BS 4048 (1978), ASME B1.15	Unified coarse thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJEF	60°		BS 4048 (1978)	Unified extra fine thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNJF	60°		BS 4048 (1978), ASME B1.15	Unified fine thread with a 0,15011P to 0,18042P controlled root radius
UNM	60°		ASA B1.10 (1958)	Unified miniature thread series
UNS	60°		ANSI B1.1 (1982)	Unified thread special pitches
V	60°			60° "V" thread with truncated crest and root(flatted to the user's specifications)
Vg	60°	Parallel	DIN 7756	Valves thread	Valves for tires.
W	55°	Parallel	DIN 477	Parallel whitworth thread	Cylindrical thread for side connections.
W keg	55°	Tapered (3:25)	DIN 477, DIN EN 144-1, DIN EN 629-1, DIN EN ISO 11116-1	Tapered thread for screw sockets	Gas cylinders, thread for side nozzles.

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. All, Calculators, Threads

Thread runouts

Posted on November 17, 2018December 8, 2023 by JCA

17
Nov

DIN 76-1

For fine threads the dimension of the thread runout is chosen according to the pitch P.

1)As a general rule, apply if no other entries are given.

2)IApply if a shorter thread runout is necessary.

3)Apply if a longer thread runout is necessary.

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. All, Calculators, Keyways

Keyways dimensioning

Posted on October 20, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCA

20
Oct

Keyways dimensioning

Calculation

DIN 6885

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. All, Structural calculations

Structural profiles properties

Posted on May 22, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCA

22
May

Structural profiles properties

* Recommended dimensions.

Second moment of area,

Also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area moment of inertia, or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The second moment of area is typically denoted with either an I for an axis that lies in the plane or with a J for an axis perpendicular to the plane.

In both cases, it is calculated with a multiple integral over the object in question. Its dimension is L (length) to the fourth power. Its unit of dimension when working with the International System of Units is meters to the fourth power, m4, or inches to the fourth power, in4, when working in the Imperial System of Units.

In structural engineering, the second moment of area of a beam is an important property used in the calculation of the beam’s deflection and the calculation of stress caused by a moment applied to the beam.

The planar second moment of area provides insight into a beam’s resistance to bending due to an applied moment, force, or distributed load perpendicular to its neutral axis, as a function of its shape.

The polar second moment of area provides insight into a beam’s resistance to torsional deflection, due to an applied moment parallel to its cross-section, as a function of its shape. This resistance to deflection or torsion is only a function of shape, and not due to a beam’s material stiffness, or Elastic Modulus.

Elastic modulus

Also known as section modulus. It is termed as the ratio of second moment of area and distance from N.A (Neutral axis) to the extreme fiber. Also it is the measure of strength of given member. The stress in the outermost section of beam is computed with the help of section modulus. It is indicated by W.
Section modulus is indicated as follows:

$W= frac{I}{y}$

Here, I is “moment of inertia” and y is distance from “neutral axis” to top or bottom of fiber.
Unit of a “section modulus” is in.³(mm³).
Section modulus depends only on the cross section shape of the beam. Cross section shapes like rectangular, square, circular, Isection and T, composite section etc.
For symmetric sections, the value of “section modulus” is for both above and below of centroid of the fiber.
An asymmetric section has two values for top and bottom of the fiber due to different distance from centroid to the top and bottom of the material, the maximum “section modulus” is W _max and the minimum section modulus is W _min.
Importance:
• It is significant for beam and flexural member design.
• More the section modulus, more the member is resistant to bending of the beam.
• It is easier to calculate stresses in beam and an exact measure of strength of steel.
• If two beams are made of same material and comparing the “section modulus” of two beams, the beam with bigger section modulus will be tougher and more capable to withstand larger loads.

Radius of Gyration

It is termed as a square root of ratio of moment of inertia to the cross sectional area of material.

It represents the imaginary distance from the centroid at which the area of cross section is imagined to be focused at a point in order to obtain the same moment of inertia. It is the measure of slenderness of the area of cross section of the column.
Least “radius of gyration” is utilized to resolve the slenderness ratio of a member.

“Radius of gyration” is denoted by i .

“Radius of gyration” is indicated by,

$i=sqrt{frac{I}{A}}$

Here, I is the moment of inertia, and A is area of cross section.
Unit of “radius of gyration” is mm.
Radius of gyration about x, y and z axis is articulated as,

${ix}=sqrt{frac{_{Ix}}{A}}$ ${iy}=sqrt{frac{_{Iy}}{A}}$ ${iz}=sqrt{frac{_{J}}{A}}$

Here, I_x,I_y are the moment of inertia of the x and y axis, J is the polar moment of inertia about z axis.
Importance of “radius of gyration”:
• Radius of gyration is valuable in calculating buckling load of a compression member or a beam.
• Distribution of strength among the column cross section is obtained by radius of gyration.
• It helps to compare the behavior of different structural shape during compression.
• Smaller value of radius of gyration is utilized in structural analysis.
• The maximum compressive load the column can withstand is obtained when the column fails due to buckling.
• Smaller value of “radius of gyration” or least moment of inertia shows that the axis which the column buckles.

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. All, Roughness

Roughness of surfaces

Posted on March 24, 2018December 8, 2023 by JCA

24
Mar

Roughness of surfaces

Surface roughness (Wikipedia)

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. All, Materials, Tables

International material comparison chart

Posted on March 21, 2018April 18, 2020 by JCA

21
Mar

International material comparison chart

Chart
Links

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

TYPE	EN MATERIAL NAME (EN 10083)	EN MATERIAL NUMBER	GERMANY (DIN 17200)	SPAIN (UNE 36011-12)	FRANCE (NF A35-552-86)	ITALY (UNI 7846)	USA (AISI/SAE)	JAPAN (JIS)	REF
CARBON STEEL	S355	1.0045	S355	AE355	E36-2	FE510	SAE 1024	SCC3	(1)
CARBON STEEL		1.0401	CK15	F1110	XC15	C15	SAE 1015	C15C	(1)
CARBON STEEL		1.0432	C21				ASTM A105		(1)
CARBON STEEL	C60E	1.0601	CK60		C60	C60	SAE 1060	S58C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C25E	1.1158	CK25	F1120	XC25	C25	SAE 1026	S25C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C30E	1.1178	CK30	F1130	XC32	C30	SAE 1030	S30C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C45E	1.1191	CK45	F1140	XC45	C45	SAE 1045	S45C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C55E	1.1203	CK55	F1150	XC55	C55	SAE 1055	S55C	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	28Mn6	1.1170	28Mn6	28Mn6	28Mn6	28Mn6	SAE 1027		(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	38MnB5	1.5532	38MnB5		38MB5		SAE 15B41H	SWRCHB737	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	40NiCrMo7	1.6562	40NiCrMo8-4	F1272		40NiCrMo7	SAE 4340	SNCM439	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	30CrNiMo8	1.6580	30CrNiMo8	30CrNiMo8	30CND8	30CrNiMo8			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34CrNiMo6	1.6582	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	36NiCrMo16	1.6773	36NiCrMo16	F1260	35NCD16	35NiCrMo15			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	38Cr2	1.7003	38Cr2	F1200	38C2	38Cr2			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	46Cr2	1.7006	42Cr2		46C2	46CR2			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34Cr4	1.7033	34Cr4		32C4	34Cr4	SAE 5132	SCr430	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	37Cr4	1.7034	37Cr4	F1201	38C4	38Cr4	SAE 5135	SCr435	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	41Cr4	1.7035	41Cr4	F1202	42C4	41Cr4	SAE 5140	SCr440	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	27MnCrB5.2	1.7182	27MnCrB5-2						(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	39MnCrB6.2	1.7189	39MnCrB6-2						(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	25CrMo4	1.7218	25CrMo4	F222	25CD4	25CrMo4		SCM420	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34CrMo4	1.7220	34CrMo4	F1250	34CD4	35CrMo4	SAE 4135	SCM435	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	42CrMo4	1.7225	42CrMo4	F1252	42CD4	42CrMo4	SAE 4140	SCM440	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	51CrV4	1.8159	50CrV4	F1430	50CrV4		SAE 6150	SUP10	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING				F1282		39NiCrMo3			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	20MnB5			F1293	20MB5	20MnB5	SAE 15B21H	SWRCHB620	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	30MnB5					30MnB5	SAE 15B28H		(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0504	C45PB						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	15SMN13	1.0710	15S10		13MF4		SAE 1115	SUM31	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMn30	1.0715	9SMn28	F2111	S250	CF9SMn28	SAE 1213	SUM22	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMnPB30	1.0718	9SMnPb28	F2112	S250Pb	CF9SMnPb28	SAE 12L13	SUM22L	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	10S20	1.0721	10S20	F2121	12MF4	CF10S20			(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	10SPb20	1.0722	10SPb20	F2122		CF10SPb20			(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	35S20	1.0726	35S20		35MF4				(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	46S20	1.0727	45S20		45MF4				(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0728	60S20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMn37	1.0736	9SMN36	F2113	S300	CF9SMN36	SAE 1215	SUM25	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMnPb37	1.0737	9SMnPb36	F2114	S300Pb	CF9SMnPb36	SAE 12L14		(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	35SPb20	1.0756	35SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	46SPb20	1.0757	45SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0758	60SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	44SMn28	1.0762	44SMn28	F2133	45MF6.3	CF44SMn28	SAE 1144	SUM 43	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	44SMnPb28	1.0763	44SMnPb28		44SMnPb28	CF44SMnPb28	SAE 1144	SUM 43	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	36SMN14			F2131	35MF6	CF35SMn10		SUM41	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	36SMnPb14			F2132	35MF6Pb	CF35SMnPb10	SAE 1137		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	X38CrMoV5.1	1.2343	X38CrMoV5.1	F5317	X38CrMoV5	X37CrMoV51KU	6437E ASTM	SKD-6	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	X40CrMoV511	1.2344	X40CrMoV5.1	F5318	X40CrMoV5	X40CrMoV5.11KU	6408A ASTM	SKD-61	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	32CrMoV12-28	1.2365	X32CrMoV3.3	F5313	32CrMoV12-28	X30CrMoV1227KU	H10	SKD-7	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	35CrMo8	1.2714	56NiCrMoV7	F5307	55NiCrMoV7	55NiCrMoV7KU	L6	STK-4	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40NiCrMoV16	1.2767	X45NiCrMo4	F5305	40NiCrMoV16	40NiCrMoV16KU	6437 E ASTM		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	XC40Cr14	1.2083	X42Cr13	F3404	X40Cr14	740C14	A-420		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnMo7	1.2311	40CrMnMo7	F5303		35CrMo8KU			(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnMoS8.6	1.2312	40CrMnMoS8.6	F5302				UDO-35	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnNiMo8.6.4	1.2738	40CrMnNiMo8.6.4				4130-35i		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	X210Cr12	1.2080	X210Cr12	F5212	X200Cr12	UX210Cr13KU	A681(D3)ASTM	SKD-1	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL		1.2103	58SiMoCr8	F5247		U58SiMoKU+V	S5		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	X160CrMoV121	1.2379	X155CrVMo12.1	F5211	X160CrMoV12	UX155CrVMo12.1KU	A681(D2)ASTM	SKD-11	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	95MnWCrV5	1.2510	100MnWCrV5	F5220	90MnWCrv5	U95MnWCr5KU	A681(O1)ASTM	SKS-3	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL		1.2516	120W4	F5238		U115W4KU	F1		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	55WCrV8	1.2550	60WCrV8	F5242	45WCrV8	U55WCr8KU	S1	SKS-41	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	90MNCrV8	1.2842	90MnCrV8	F5229	90MnV8	U88MnV8KU	A681(O2)ASTM		(1)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 10 CrNi 18-8	1.4310	X 10 CrNi 18-8	X12 CrNi 17-07	Z 11 CN 18-08 Z 11 CN 17-08	X 12 CrNi 1707	301	SUS 301	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrAl 13	1.4002	X 6 CrAl 13	X6CrAl 13	Z 8 CA 12	X6CrAl 13	405	SUS 405	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 Cr 17	1.4016	X 6 Cr 17	X8Cr17	Z 8 C 17	X8Cr17	430	SUS 430	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 20 Cr 13	1.4021	X 20 Cr 13	X20Cr 13	Z 20 C 13	X20 Cr 13	420	SUS 420 J1	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 30 Cr 13	1.4028	X 30 Cr 13	X30Cr 13	Z 33 C 13	X30 Cr 13	420	SUS 420 J2	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 39 Cr 13	1.4031	X 39 Cr 13		Z 33 C 13		420		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 46 Cr 13	1.4034	X 46 Cr 13	X40Cr 13	Z 44 C 14	X40 Cr 14	420		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 17 CrNi 16-2	1.4057	X 17 CrNi 16-2	X15CrNi 16	Z 15 CN 16-02	X16Cr Ni 16	431	SUS 431	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrMo 17-1	1.4113	X 6 CrMo 17-1		Z 8 CD 17-01	X8CrMo 17	434	SUS 434	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 5 CrNi 18-10	1.4301	X 5 CrNi 18-10	X6CrNi 19-10	Z 7 CN 18-09	X 5 CrNi 1810	304	SUS 304	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 8 CrNiS 18-9	1.4305	X 8 CrNiS 18-9	X10 CrNiS 18-09	Z 8 CNF 18-09	X 10 CrNiS 1809	303	SUS 303	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNi 19-11	1.4306	X 2 CrNi 19-11	X2CrNi 19-10	Z 3 CN 18-10	X 2 CrNi 1811	304 L	SUS 304 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNi 18-9	1.4307	X 2 CrNi 18-9		Z 3 CN 19-09		304 L	SUS 304 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 5 CrNiMo 17-12-2	1.4401	X 5 CrNiMo 17-12-2	X6CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 7 CND 17-11-02	X 5 CrNiMo 1712	316	SUS 316	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-2	1.4404	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-2	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 17-11-02 Z 3 CND 17-12-02	X 2 CrNiMo 1712	316 L	SUS 316 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-3	1.4432	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-3	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 17-13-03	X 2 CrNiMO 1713	316 L	SUS 316 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 18-14-3	1.4435	X 2 CrNiMo 18-14-3	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 18-14-03	X 2 CrNiMo 1713	316 L		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 3 CrNiMo 17-13-3	1.4436	X 3 CrNiMo 17-13-3	X6CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 7 CND 17-12-02	X 5 CrNiMo 1713	316	SUS 316	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrTi 12	1.4512	X 2 CrTi 12		Z 3 CT 12	X2CrTi12 X6CrTi12	409	SUH 409 L SUS 409	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrNiTi 18-10	1.4541	X 6 CrNiTi 18-10	X6CrNiTi 18-11	Z 6 CNT 18-10	X 6 CrNiTi 1811	321	SUS 321	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	1.4571	X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	X6CrNiMoTi 17-12-03	Z 6 CNDT 17-12	X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712	316 Ti	SUS 316 Ti	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 15 CrNiSi 20-12	1.4828	X 15 CrNiSi 20-12		Z 17 CNS 20-12	X 16 CrNi 2314	309	SUH 309	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 12 CrNi 23-13	1.4833	X 12 CrNi 23-13		Z 15 CN 23-13	X 6 CrNi 2314	309 S	SUS 309 S	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 8 CrNi 25-21	1.4845	X 8 CrNi 25-21		Z 8 CN 25-20	X 6 CrNi 2520	310 S	SUS 310 S	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL						X 22 CrNi 2520	310	SUH 310	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL				X10CrNi 18-09	Z 12 CN 18-09	X 8 CrNi 1910 X 10 CrNi 1809	302		(2)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8507	34CrAlMo5	F1741					(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8509	41CrAlMo7	F1740	40CAD6.12	41CrAlMo7		SACM645	(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8515	31CrMo12	F1712	30CD12	31CrMo12			(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8519	31CrMoV9	F1721		31CrMOV10			(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8521	15CrMoV5 9						(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8550	34CrAlNi7						(1)
NITRIDING STEEL			25CrMo12	F1711					(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C10E	1.1121	CK10	F1510	XC10	C10	SAE 1010	S10C	(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.1133	20Mn5	F1515	20M5	G22Mn3	SAE 1024	SMn420	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C15E	1.1141	CK15	F1511	XC12	C15	SAE 1015	S15C	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C16E	1.1148	C16E		XC18		SAE 1016		(1)
HARDENING STEEL	16NiCr4	1.5714	16NiCr4	F1581	16NiCr4	16NiCr4			(1)
HARDENING STEEL	15NiCr13	1.5732	14NiCr10	F1540	14NC11	16NiCr11	SAE 3415	SNC21	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18NiCr5-4	1.5810	18NiCr5-4	F1580	20NC6				(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17CrNI6-6	1.5919	15CrNi6						(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20NiCrMo2KD	1.6523	20NiCrMo2-2	F1522	20NCD2	20NiCrMo2	SAE 8620	CNCM220	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17NiCrMo6-4	1.6566	17NiCrMo6-4		18NCD6	18NiCrMo5			(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18CrNiMo7-6	1.6587	17CrNiMo6		18CrNiMo7-6				(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.6657	14NiCrMo13-4	F1560		15NiCrMo13		9310RH	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17Cr3	1.7016	17Cr3		18C3		SAE 5117		(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.7027	20Cr4					SCr420	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	16MNCr5	1.7131	16MnCr5	F1516	16MC5	16MnCr5	SAE 5115		(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MnCr5	1.7147	20MNCr5	F150.D	20MC5	20MnCr5	SAE 5120	SMnC21H	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18CrMO4	1.7242	18CrMO4	F1550	18CD4	18CrMO4		SCM418	(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.7262	15CrMo5	F1551	12CD4FF			SCM21	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MoCr3	1.7320	20MoCr3		20MoCr3				(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MoCr4	1.7321	20MoCr4	F1523	20MoCr4		4118	SCMV1	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5023	38Si7		40Si7				(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5024	46Si7	F1451	46S7	48Si7			(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5025	51Si7	F1450	51S7	50Si7	SAE 9250		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5026	55Si7	F1440	55S7	55Si7	SAE 9255		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5027	60Si7	F1441	60S7	60Si7	SAE 9260	SUP 16	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7102	54SiCr6		54SiCr6	54SiCr6	SAE 9254	SUP 12	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7106	55SiCr7		56SC7	55SiCR7	SAE 9261		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7108	60SiCr7	F1442	61SC7	60SiCr8	SAE 9262		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7176	55Cr3	F1431	55C3	55Cr3	SAE 5155	SUP 9	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7701	17701	F1460	51CDV4	51CrMoV4			(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.8062	46SiCrMo6.3		45SCD6	45SiCrMo6			(1)
SPRING STEEL	51CrV4	1.8159	50CrV4	F1430	50CrV4		SAE 6150	SUP10	(1)
BEARING STEEL	100Cr6	1.3505	100Cr6	F1310	100Cr6	100Cr6	6440K ASTM	SUJ2	(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMn6	1.3520	100CrMn6	F1312	100CrMn6		A485(2)ASTM		(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMo7.3	1.3536	100CrMo7.3	F1314	100CrMo8.3		A485(3)ASTM		(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMo7	1.3537	100CrMo7	F1313	100CrMo7.2	100CrMo7	A485(3)ASTM	SUJ4	(1)

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Drawings

Posted on March 5, 2018December 8, 2023 by JCA

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Drawings

Scale factors
Paper sizes

DIN ISO 5455 (1979-12)

DIN EN ISO 5457 (2010-11) and DIN EN ISO 216 (2007-12)

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Plastic abbreviations and trade names

Posted on March 4, 2018April 12, 2020 by JAB

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Plastic abbreviations and trade names

Plastic
Rubber

CHEMICAL TERM	ABBREVIATION	TRADE NAMES
Polyamide	PA	Nylon, Nylatron, Ertalon, Akulon, Technyl C, Soderg, Bergamid, Omniamid, Amidan, Durethan, Nyrlon, Ultramid, Miramid, Grilon, Maranyl, Orgamide, Ternil, Latamid, Fabenyl, Verafil, Renyl, Ultralon, Caprolactam, Zytel, Rilsan, Vestamid, Trogamid, Zellamid, Tecam, Tecamid, Tecast
Polyoxymethylene	POM, Acetal	Delrin, Acetron, Ertacetal, Hostaform, Ultraform, Resal, Duraform, Tecaform
Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester	PET-PETP	Arnite, Novatron, Ertalite, Crastin, Impet, Petlon, Rynite, Grilpet, Melinite, Durester, Techster, Ultradur, Tecadur
Polyethylene	PE	Deslidur, Ultrawear, Cestidur, Cestilene, Cestilite, Hostalengur, Lupolen, Solidur, Durogliss, Polizene, Megalene, Propathene, Ertalene, Simona 500, RCH 1000, Plastfur, Vaplatec, Tecafine PE, Guidur, Trovidur PE
Polypropylene	PP	Hostalen PP, Simona PP, Moplen, Lacotene P, Vestolen P, Varladur, Trovidur PP, Tecafine PP
Polyvinyl chloride	PVC	Hostalit, Vinuran, Vestolit, Trovidur PVC, Tecavinyl
Polyurethane	PUR	Adiprene, Vulkollan, Elastopal, Urepan, Philan
Polytetrafluoroethylene	PTFE	Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon, Algoflon, Gaflon, Tecaflon
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Phenolic cotton fabric: Celotex, Isolit, Fibraton, Resinol, Dakelite, Oeligol, Isolex, Fibratil, GFP, HGW2083, Novocott, Plasbesto
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Phenolic paper: Plasmicel, Textilex, Novosol, Baquelita, Articel, CP
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Glass fiber: Fivilex, Mefilex, Tevepox, Tevisil, Plasmipol, Novoglass, Isoval, Plasmiver, Etoxisol
Polimetilmetacrilat	PMMA	Metacrilato, Plexigas, Resartglas, Perspex, Oroglas, Altuglas, Deglas, Optema, Dewoglas, Paraglas, Policril, Tecacryl
Polycarbonate	PC	Axxis PC, Cristalato, Makrolon, Lexan, Xanda, Calibre, Sinvet, Orgalon, Tecanat
Polyvinylidene fluoride	PVDF	Dyflor 2000, Foraflon, solef, Vidar, Polisor, Tecaflon, Trovidur PVDF, Kynar
Polysulfone	PSU	Polipenco PSU, Ultrason 5, Udel, Radel, Mindel, Polysulfon, Tecason
Polyimide	PI	Polipenco vespel, Vespel, Kapton, Tedlar, Sintimid
Polyetheretherketone	PEEK	Polipenco PEEK, Victrex PEEK, Erta PEEK, Ultra PEEK, Teca PEEK

CHEMICAL TERM	ABBREVIATION	TRADE NAMES
Acrylonitrile Butadiene	NBR	Chemigum, Nipoll, Krynac, Paracril, Perbunan N, Buna N
Highly Saturated Nitrile	HNBR	Therban, Zetpol
Carboxylated Nitrile	XNBR	Nipol, Krynac, Chemigum
Fluorocarbon	FKM	Viton, Fluorel, Technoflon
Ethylene Propylene	EP, EPDM, EPT, EPR	Nordel, Royalene, Vistalon, Buna EP, Keltan
Styrene Butadiene	SBR	Ameripol Synpol, SBR, Plioflex, Stereon
Polychloroprene	CR	Neoprene, Baypren, Butaclor
Isobutylene Isoprene	IIR	Butyl
Silicone	VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ	Silastic, Silplus, Elastosil, Wacker
Fluorosilicone	FVMQ	FSE, Silastic, Sylon
Polyacrylate	ACM	Cyanacryl, Hy Temp, Thiacril
Ethylene Acrylic	AEM	Vamac
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene	CSM	Hypalon
Epichlorohydrin	ECO/CO	Gechron, Hydrin
Polyisoprene natural	NR	SMR, Pale Crepe, Smoked Sheet
Polyisoprene synthetic	IR	Ameripol SN, Natsyn
Perfluoroelastomer	FFKM	Kalrez, Isolast, Chemraz, Simriz, Parafluor, Perlast

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ISO tolerances

Posted on February 22, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCF

22
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ISO tolerances

Thread identification guide

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

Thread types

Thread runouts for metric ISO threads

Keyways dimensioning

Structural profiles properties

Roughness of surfaces

International material comparison chart

Drawings

Plastic abbreviations and trade names

ISO tolerances

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