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. All, Structural calculations

Structural profiles properties

Posted on May 22, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCA

22
May

Structural profiles properties

* Recommended dimensions.

Second moment of area,

Also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area moment of inertia, or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The second moment of area is typically denoted with either an I for an axis that lies in the plane or with a J for an axis perpendicular to the plane.

In both cases, it is calculated with a multiple integral over the object in question. Its dimension is L (length) to the fourth power. Its unit of dimension when working with the International System of Units is meters to the fourth power, m4, or inches to the fourth power, in4, when working in the Imperial System of Units.

In structural engineering, the second moment of area of a beam is an important property used in the calculation of the beam’s deflection and the calculation of stress caused by a moment applied to the beam.

The planar second moment of area provides insight into a beam’s resistance to bending due to an applied moment, force, or distributed load perpendicular to its neutral axis, as a function of its shape.

The polar second moment of area provides insight into a beam’s resistance to torsional deflection, due to an applied moment parallel to its cross-section, as a function of its shape. This resistance to deflection or torsion is only a function of shape, and not due to a beam’s material stiffness, or Elastic Modulus.

Elastic modulus

Also known as section modulus. It is termed as the ratio of second moment of area and distance from N.A (Neutral axis) to the extreme fiber. Also it is the measure of strength of given member. The stress in the outermost section of beam is computed with the help of section modulus. It is indicated by W.
Section modulus is indicated as follows:

$W= frac{I}{y}$

Here, I is “moment of inertia” and y is distance from “neutral axis” to top or bottom of fiber.
Unit of a “section modulus” is in.³(mm³).
Section modulus depends only on the cross section shape of the beam. Cross section shapes like rectangular, square, circular, Isection and T, composite section etc.
For symmetric sections, the value of “section modulus” is for both above and below of centroid of the fiber.
An asymmetric section has two values for top and bottom of the fiber due to different distance from centroid to the top and bottom of the material, the maximum “section modulus” is W _max and the minimum section modulus is W _min.
Importance:
• It is significant for beam and flexural member design.
• More the section modulus, more the member is resistant to bending of the beam.
• It is easier to calculate stresses in beam and an exact measure of strength of steel.
• If two beams are made of same material and comparing the “section modulus” of two beams, the beam with bigger section modulus will be tougher and more capable to withstand larger loads.

Radius of Gyration

It is termed as a square root of ratio of moment of inertia to the cross sectional area of material.

It represents the imaginary distance from the centroid at which the area of cross section is imagined to be focused at a point in order to obtain the same moment of inertia. It is the measure of slenderness of the area of cross section of the column.
Least “radius of gyration” is utilized to resolve the slenderness ratio of a member.

“Radius of gyration” is denoted by i .

“Radius of gyration” is indicated by,

$i=sqrt{frac{I}{A}}$

Here, I is the moment of inertia, and A is area of cross section.
Unit of “radius of gyration” is mm.
Radius of gyration about x, y and z axis is articulated as,

${ix}=sqrt{frac{_{Ix}}{A}}$ ${iy}=sqrt{frac{_{Iy}}{A}}$ ${iz}=sqrt{frac{_{J}}{A}}$

Here, I_x,I_y are the moment of inertia of the x and y axis, J is the polar moment of inertia about z axis.
Importance of “radius of gyration”:
• Radius of gyration is valuable in calculating buckling load of a compression member or a beam.
• Distribution of strength among the column cross section is obtained by radius of gyration.
• It helps to compare the behavior of different structural shape during compression.
• Smaller value of radius of gyration is utilized in structural analysis.
• The maximum compressive load the column can withstand is obtained when the column fails due to buckling.
• Smaller value of “radius of gyration” or least moment of inertia shows that the axis which the column buckles.

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. All, 3. Pneumatics

Flow Conversions (Actual, Normal and Standard Conditions for Pressure and Temperature)

Posted on May 12, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCA

12
May

Flow Conversions (Actual, Normal and Standard Conditions for Pressure and Temperature)

ACTUAL FLOW RATE is the actual volume of fluid that passes a given point in a pipe per unit time e.g. l/min. This can be a useful measurement to have, however since gases are compressible the volume of gas will vary depending on its pressure and temperature. Therefore it is generally more useful to have a flow rate referenced to a set pressure and temperature, hence the use of Standard flow rate, and Normal flow rate.

These units are corrections applied to an actual flow measurement based on a given temperature and pressure. The correction is applied using the ideal gas law.
This allows us to compare different flows existing at different flowing conditions of pressure and temperature.

However, the problem with Standard and Normal conditions is that they have several different definitions depending on the industry you work in, and in the country you work.

NORMAL CONDITIONS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NCTP, common in Europe)
Commonly used as a standard condition for testing and documentation of fan capacities
NTP is defined as a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (1,013 bar, 101,325 kPa).

Flow Rate Units e.g.:
Normal litre per minute (NLPM)

STANDARD CONDITIONS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (SCTP, common in the United States)
important for the measurements and documentation of chemical and physical processes
Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm).
Since 1982, STP is defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar).

Flow Rate Units e.g.:
Standard litre per minute (SLM or SLPM)
Standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM)

Standard conditions for temperature and pressure (Wikipedia)

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. All, Roughness

Roughness of surfaces

Posted on March 24, 2018December 8, 2023 by JCA

24
Mar

Roughness of surfaces

Surface roughness (Wikipedia)

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. All, Materials, Tables

International material comparison chart

Posted on March 21, 2018April 18, 2020 by JCA

21
Mar

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

TYPE	EN MATERIAL NAME (EN 10083)	EN MATERIAL NUMBER	GERMANY (DIN 17200)	SPAIN (UNE 36011-12)	FRANCE (NF A35-552-86)	ITALY (UNI 7846)	USA (AISI/SAE)	JAPAN (JIS)	REF
CARBON STEEL	S355	1.0045	S355	AE355	E36-2	FE510	SAE 1024	SCC3	(1)
CARBON STEEL		1.0401	CK15	F1110	XC15	C15	SAE 1015	C15C	(1)
CARBON STEEL		1.0432	C21				ASTM A105		(1)
CARBON STEEL	C60E	1.0601	CK60		C60	C60	SAE 1060	S58C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C25E	1.1158	CK25	F1120	XC25	C25	SAE 1026	S25C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C30E	1.1178	CK30	F1130	XC32	C30	SAE 1030	S30C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C45E	1.1191	CK45	F1140	XC45	C45	SAE 1045	S45C	(1)
CARBON STEEL	C55E	1.1203	CK55	F1150	XC55	C55	SAE 1055	S55C	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	28Mn6	1.1170	28Mn6	28Mn6	28Mn6	28Mn6	SAE 1027		(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	38MnB5	1.5532	38MnB5		38MB5		SAE 15B41H	SWRCHB737	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	40NiCrMo7	1.6562	40NiCrMo8-4	F1272		40NiCrMo7	SAE 4340	SNCM439	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	30CrNiMo8	1.6580	30CrNiMo8	30CrNiMo8	30CND8	30CrNiMo8			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34CrNiMo6	1.6582	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6	34CrNiMo6			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	36NiCrMo16	1.6773	36NiCrMo16	F1260	35NCD16	35NiCrMo15			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	38Cr2	1.7003	38Cr2	F1200	38C2	38Cr2			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	46Cr2	1.7006	42Cr2		46C2	46CR2			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34Cr4	1.7033	34Cr4		32C4	34Cr4	SAE 5132	SCr430	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	37Cr4	1.7034	37Cr4	F1201	38C4	38Cr4	SAE 5135	SCr435	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	41Cr4	1.7035	41Cr4	F1202	42C4	41Cr4	SAE 5140	SCr440	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	27MnCrB5.2	1.7182	27MnCrB5-2						(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	39MnCrB6.2	1.7189	39MnCrB6-2						(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	25CrMo4	1.7218	25CrMo4	F222	25CD4	25CrMo4		SCM420	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	34CrMo4	1.7220	34CrMo4	F1250	34CD4	35CrMo4	SAE 4135	SCM435	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	42CrMo4	1.7225	42CrMo4	F1252	42CD4	42CrMo4	SAE 4140	SCM440	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	51CrV4	1.8159	50CrV4	F1430	50CrV4		SAE 6150	SUP10	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING				F1282		39NiCrMo3			(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	20MnB5			F1293	20MB5	20MnB5	SAE 15B21H	SWRCHB620	(1)
ALLOY STEEL FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING	30MnB5					30MnB5	SAE 15B28H		(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0504	C45PB						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	15SMN13	1.0710	15S10		13MF4		SAE 1115	SUM31	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMn30	1.0715	9SMn28	F2111	S250	CF9SMn28	SAE 1213	SUM22	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMnPB30	1.0718	9SMnPb28	F2112	S250Pb	CF9SMnPb28	SAE 12L13	SUM22L	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	10S20	1.0721	10S20	F2121	12MF4	CF10S20			(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	10SPb20	1.0722	10SPb20	F2122		CF10SPb20			(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	35S20	1.0726	35S20		35MF4				(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	46S20	1.0727	45S20		45MF4				(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0728	60S20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMn37	1.0736	9SMN36	F2113	S300	CF9SMN36	SAE 1215	SUM25	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	11SMnPb37	1.0737	9SMnPb36	F2114	S300Pb	CF9SMnPb36	SAE 12L14		(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	35SPb20	1.0756	35SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	46SPb20	1.0757	45SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL		1.0758	60SPb20						(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	44SMn28	1.0762	44SMn28	F2133	45MF6.3	CF44SMn28	SAE 1144	SUM 43	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	44SMnPb28	1.0763	44SMnPb28		44SMnPb28	CF44SMnPb28	SAE 1144	SUM 43	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	36SMN14			F2131	35MF6	CF35SMn10		SUM41	(1)
EASY MACHINABILITY STEEL	36SMnPb14			F2132	35MF6Pb	CF35SMnPb10	SAE 1137		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	X38CrMoV5.1	1.2343	X38CrMoV5.1	F5317	X38CrMoV5	X37CrMoV51KU	6437E ASTM	SKD-6	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	X40CrMoV511	1.2344	X40CrMoV5.1	F5318	X40CrMoV5	X40CrMoV5.11KU	6408A ASTM	SKD-61	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	32CrMoV12-28	1.2365	X32CrMoV3.3	F5313	32CrMoV12-28	X30CrMoV1227KU	H10	SKD-7	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	35CrMo8	1.2714	56NiCrMoV7	F5307	55NiCrMoV7	55NiCrMoV7KU	L6	STK-4	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40NiCrMoV16	1.2767	X45NiCrMo4	F5305	40NiCrMoV16	40NiCrMoV16KU	6437 E ASTM		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	XC40Cr14	1.2083	X42Cr13	F3404	X40Cr14	740C14	A-420		(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnMo7	1.2311	40CrMnMo7	F5303		35CrMo8KU			(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnMoS8.6	1.2312	40CrMnMoS8.6	F5302				UDO-35	(1)
HOT WORKING TOOL STEEL	40CrMnNiMo8.6.4	1.2738	40CrMnNiMo8.6.4				4130-35i		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	X210Cr12	1.2080	X210Cr12	F5212	X200Cr12	UX210Cr13KU	A681(D3)ASTM	SKD-1	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL		1.2103	58SiMoCr8	F5247		U58SiMoKU+V	S5		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	X160CrMoV121	1.2379	X155CrVMo12.1	F5211	X160CrMoV12	UX155CrVMo12.1KU	A681(D2)ASTM	SKD-11	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	95MnWCrV5	1.2510	100MnWCrV5	F5220	90MnWCrv5	U95MnWCr5KU	A681(O1)ASTM	SKS-3	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL		1.2516	120W4	F5238		U115W4KU	F1		(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	55WCrV8	1.2550	60WCrV8	F5242	45WCrV8	U55WCr8KU	S1	SKS-41	(1)
COLD WORKING TOOL STEEL	90MNCrV8	1.2842	90MnCrV8	F5229	90MnV8	U88MnV8KU	A681(O2)ASTM		(1)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 10 CrNi 18-8	1.4310	X 10 CrNi 18-8	X12 CrNi 17-07	Z 11 CN 18-08 Z 11 CN 17-08	X 12 CrNi 1707	301	SUS 301	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrAl 13	1.4002	X 6 CrAl 13	X6CrAl 13	Z 8 CA 12	X6CrAl 13	405	SUS 405	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 Cr 17	1.4016	X 6 Cr 17	X8Cr17	Z 8 C 17	X8Cr17	430	SUS 430	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 20 Cr 13	1.4021	X 20 Cr 13	X20Cr 13	Z 20 C 13	X20 Cr 13	420	SUS 420 J1	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 30 Cr 13	1.4028	X 30 Cr 13	X30Cr 13	Z 33 C 13	X30 Cr 13	420	SUS 420 J2	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 39 Cr 13	1.4031	X 39 Cr 13		Z 33 C 13		420		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 46 Cr 13	1.4034	X 46 Cr 13	X40Cr 13	Z 44 C 14	X40 Cr 14	420		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 17 CrNi 16-2	1.4057	X 17 CrNi 16-2	X15CrNi 16	Z 15 CN 16-02	X16Cr Ni 16	431	SUS 431	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrMo 17-1	1.4113	X 6 CrMo 17-1		Z 8 CD 17-01	X8CrMo 17	434	SUS 434	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 5 CrNi 18-10	1.4301	X 5 CrNi 18-10	X6CrNi 19-10	Z 7 CN 18-09	X 5 CrNi 1810	304	SUS 304	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 8 CrNiS 18-9	1.4305	X 8 CrNiS 18-9	X10 CrNiS 18-09	Z 8 CNF 18-09	X 10 CrNiS 1809	303	SUS 303	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNi 19-11	1.4306	X 2 CrNi 19-11	X2CrNi 19-10	Z 3 CN 18-10	X 2 CrNi 1811	304 L	SUS 304 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNi 18-9	1.4307	X 2 CrNi 18-9		Z 3 CN 19-09		304 L	SUS 304 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 5 CrNiMo 17-12-2	1.4401	X 5 CrNiMo 17-12-2	X6CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 7 CND 17-11-02	X 5 CrNiMo 1712	316	SUS 316	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-2	1.4404	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-2	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 17-11-02 Z 3 CND 17-12-02	X 2 CrNiMo 1712	316 L	SUS 316 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-3	1.4432	X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-3	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 17-13-03	X 2 CrNiMO 1713	316 L	SUS 316 L	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrNiMo 18-14-3	1.4435	X 2 CrNiMo 18-14-3	X2CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 3 CND 18-14-03	X 2 CrNiMo 1713	316 L		(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 3 CrNiMo 17-13-3	1.4436	X 3 CrNiMo 17-13-3	X6CrNiMo 17-12-03	Z 7 CND 17-12-02	X 5 CrNiMo 1713	316	SUS 316	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 2 CrTi 12	1.4512	X 2 CrTi 12		Z 3 CT 12	X2CrTi12 X6CrTi12	409	SUH 409 L SUS 409	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrNiTi 18-10	1.4541	X 6 CrNiTi 18-10	X6CrNiTi 18-11	Z 6 CNT 18-10	X 6 CrNiTi 1811	321	SUS 321	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	1.4571	X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	X6CrNiMoTi 17-12-03	Z 6 CNDT 17-12	X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712	316 Ti	SUS 316 Ti	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 15 CrNiSi 20-12	1.4828	X 15 CrNiSi 20-12		Z 17 CNS 20-12	X 16 CrNi 2314	309	SUH 309	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 12 CrNi 23-13	1.4833	X 12 CrNi 23-13		Z 15 CN 23-13	X 6 CrNi 2314	309 S	SUS 309 S	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL	X 8 CrNi 25-21	1.4845	X 8 CrNi 25-21		Z 8 CN 25-20	X 6 CrNi 2520	310 S	SUS 310 S	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL						X 22 CrNi 2520	310	SUH 310	(2)
STAINLESS STEEL				X10CrNi 18-09	Z 12 CN 18-09	X 8 CrNi 1910 X 10 CrNi 1809	302		(2)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8507	34CrAlMo5	F1741					(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8509	41CrAlMo7	F1740	40CAD6.12	41CrAlMo7		SACM645	(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8515	31CrMo12	F1712	30CD12	31CrMo12			(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8519	31CrMoV9	F1721		31CrMOV10			(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8521	15CrMoV5 9						(1)
NITRIDING STEEL		1.8550	34CrAlNi7						(1)
NITRIDING STEEL			25CrMo12	F1711					(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C10E	1.1121	CK10	F1510	XC10	C10	SAE 1010	S10C	(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.1133	20Mn5	F1515	20M5	G22Mn3	SAE 1024	SMn420	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C15E	1.1141	CK15	F1511	XC12	C15	SAE 1015	S15C	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	C16E	1.1148	C16E		XC18		SAE 1016		(1)
HARDENING STEEL	16NiCr4	1.5714	16NiCr4	F1581	16NiCr4	16NiCr4			(1)
HARDENING STEEL	15NiCr13	1.5732	14NiCr10	F1540	14NC11	16NiCr11	SAE 3415	SNC21	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18NiCr5-4	1.5810	18NiCr5-4	F1580	20NC6				(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17CrNI6-6	1.5919	15CrNi6						(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20NiCrMo2KD	1.6523	20NiCrMo2-2	F1522	20NCD2	20NiCrMo2	SAE 8620	CNCM220	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17NiCrMo6-4	1.6566	17NiCrMo6-4		18NCD6	18NiCrMo5			(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18CrNiMo7-6	1.6587	17CrNiMo6		18CrNiMo7-6				(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.6657	14NiCrMo13-4	F1560		15NiCrMo13		9310RH	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	17Cr3	1.7016	17Cr3		18C3		SAE 5117		(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.7027	20Cr4					SCr420	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	16MNCr5	1.7131	16MnCr5	F1516	16MC5	16MnCr5	SAE 5115		(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MnCr5	1.7147	20MNCr5	F150.D	20MC5	20MnCr5	SAE 5120	SMnC21H	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	18CrMO4	1.7242	18CrMO4	F1550	18CD4	18CrMO4		SCM418	(1)
HARDENING STEEL		1.7262	15CrMo5	F1551	12CD4FF			SCM21	(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MoCr3	1.7320	20MoCr3		20MoCr3				(1)
HARDENING STEEL	20MoCr4	1.7321	20MoCr4	F1523	20MoCr4		4118	SCMV1	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5023	38Si7		40Si7				(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5024	46Si7	F1451	46S7	48Si7			(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5025	51Si7	F1450	51S7	50Si7	SAE 9250		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5026	55Si7	F1440	55S7	55Si7	SAE 9255		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.5027	60Si7	F1441	60S7	60Si7	SAE 9260	SUP 16	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7102	54SiCr6		54SiCr6	54SiCr6	SAE 9254	SUP 12	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7106	55SiCr7		56SC7	55SiCR7	SAE 9261		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7108	60SiCr7	F1442	61SC7	60SiCr8	SAE 9262		(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7176	55Cr3	F1431	55C3	55Cr3	SAE 5155	SUP 9	(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.7701	17701	F1460	51CDV4	51CrMoV4			(1)
SPRING STEEL		1.8062	46SiCrMo6.3		45SCD6	45SiCrMo6			(1)
SPRING STEEL	51CrV4	1.8159	50CrV4	F1430	50CrV4		SAE 6150	SUP10	(1)
BEARING STEEL	100Cr6	1.3505	100Cr6	F1310	100Cr6	100Cr6	6440K ASTM	SUJ2	(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMn6	1.3520	100CrMn6	F1312	100CrMn6		A485(2)ASTM		(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMo7.3	1.3536	100CrMo7.3	F1314	100CrMo8.3		A485(3)ASTM		(1)
BEARING STEEL	100CrMo7	1.3537	100CrMo7	F1313	100CrMo7.2	100CrMo7	A485(3)ASTM	SUJ4	(1)

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. All, 2. Electrics

Electrical current for world countries

Posted on March 15, 2018April 12, 2020 by JCA

15
Mar

Electrical current for world countries

Country	Cities	Frequency (Hz)	Number of phases	Nominal voltage (V)	Type(s) of plugs	Number of wires	Frequency stability	Note(s)
Afghanistan	All	50	1.3	220/380	D	2.4	yes
Albania	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	no
Algeria	All	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	C,F	2.4	yes
American Samoa	All	60		120	A,B,I
Andorra	All	50		220	C,E
Angola	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Anguilla	All	50		230	G
Antigua and Barbuda	All	60		230	G
Argentina	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,I	2.4	yes
Argentina	All			220/440	C,I	2.3	yes
Armenia	All	50		220	C,E
Aruba	All	60		127	A,B
Australia	All	50	1.3	240/415	I	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Austria	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,F	3.5	yes	1.2
Azerbaijan	Baku	50	1	220	C	2.3	yes
Bahamas	All	60	1.3	120/240, 120/208	A,B	2,3,4	yes
Bahrain	All	50	1.3	230/400	G	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Bahrain	All	60	1	110/115	G	3	yes	1.2
Bangladesh	All	50	1.3	220/440	A,C,D	2,3,4	no	1,2,3
Barbados	All	50	1.3	115/230, 115/200	A,B,F,H	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Belarus	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2.4	yes
Belgium	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Belize	All	60	1.3	110/220, 220/440	A,B,G,I	2,3,4	yes	1.3
Benin	All	50	1.3	220/380	D	2.4	yes
Bermuda	All	60	1.3	120/240, 120/208	A,B	2,3,4	yes	1,2,3
Bolivia	All	50	1.3	110/220	A,C	2.4	yes
Bosnia-Herzegovina	All	50		220	C,E
Botswana	All	50	1.3	231/400	B,D,G	2.4	yes
Brazil	Americana, Aracaju, Aracatuba, Araraquara, Baixo Guandu, Barbacena, Barra Mansa, Barretos, Bauru, Belem, Belo Horizonte, Boa Vista (Rio Branco), Botucatu, Braganca, Cachoeira, Cachoeira do Itapemirim, Campinas, Cidade Industrial (Betim), Colatina, Corumba, Curitiba, Feira de Santana, Franca (Sao Paulo), Governador Valadares, Ilheus, Itabuana, Londrina, Marilia, Niteroi, Paulista, Petropolis, Piracicaba, Porto Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Santos, Sorocaba, Uberaba, Vitoria	60	1.3	127/220	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
Brazil	Anapolis, Bage, Brazilia, D.F., Caruaru, Caxias do Sul, Florianopolis, Fortaleza, Goiania, Goias, Jequie, Joao Pessoa, Joinville, Livramento, Maceio (Alagoas), Mossoro, Natal (Rio Grando Norte), Olinda, Pelotas, Recife	60	1.3	220/380	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
Brazil	Blumenau, Itajai, Nova Friburgo, Parnaiba, Sao Bernardo do Campo	60	1.3	220/380	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Cel Fabriciano, Manaus, Sao Luis, Teresina	60	1.3	110/220	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Macapa, Paranagua, Ponta Grossa, Porto Velho	60	1.3	127/220	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Sao Caetano do Sul, Sao Paulo	60	1.3	115/230	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Alagoinhas	60	1.3	220/127	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
Brazil	Campos	60	1.3	127/220	A,B,C	2,3,4	no	1
Brazil	Juiz de Fora	60	1.3	120/240	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
Brazil	Jundiai	60	1.3	220	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Ouro Preto	50	1.3	127/220	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
Brazil	Santo Andre	60	1.3	127/220, 220/380	A,B,C	2.3	yes	1
Brazil	Volta Redonda	60	1.3	125/216	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes	1
British Virgin Islands	All			110/208
Brunei	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.4	yes	1.2
Bulgaria	All	50	1.3	220/380	F	2.4	no
Burkina Faso	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	no
Burma	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,D,F	2.4	no	1,2,3
Burundi	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	no	3
Cambodia	All	50	1.3	220/380		2,3,4	no
Cameroon	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,E	2,3,4	yes
Canada	All	60	1.3	120/240	B	3.4	yes	1
Cape Verde	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	no	2
Cayman Islands	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B	2.3	yes	1.3
Central African Republic	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	yes	2.3
Chad	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	no
Chile	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,L	2,3,4	yes
China	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,G,H	2,3,4	no
Christmas Island	All	50		240	I
Cocos Island	All	50		240	I
Colombia	All	60	1.3	120/220	A,B,G,H	2,3,4	yes
Comoros	All	50		220	C,E
Congo (Brazzaville)	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	no	1,2,3
Congo (Kinshasa)	All	50	1.3	220/380	E	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Cook Island	All	50		240	I
Costa Rica	All	60	1.3	110/208, 115/220, 120/230, 120/240, 125/277, 240/4	A,B,C	2,3,4	yes
Croatia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	yes
Cuba	All	60		115	A,B
Cyprus	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.4	yes	1.2
Czech Republic	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2,3,4	yes
Denmark	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,K	2,3,4	yes
Djibouti	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	yes
Dominica	All	50		230	G
Dominican Republic	All	60	1.3	110/220	A,B	2.3	No
Ecuador	All	60	1.3	120/208, 172/220	A,B,C,D	2,3,4	yes	1
Egypt	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes
El Salvador	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B,I,H	2,3,4	yes	1
Equatorial Guinea	All	50		220	C
Eritrea	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes
Estonia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4,5	yes
Ethiopia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes
Falkland Islands	All	50		230	G
Fiji	All	50	1.3	240/415	I	2,3,4	yes	3
Finland	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,F	2,4,5	yes
France	All	50	1.3	220/380	E	2.4	yes
French Guiana	All	50		220	C,E
French Polynesia	Tahiti	60	1.3	127/220	A	2,3,4	no
Gabon	All	50	1.3	220/380	D,E	2.4	yes	1.2
Gambia, The	All	50	1.3	220/380	G	2.4	no	1.2
Georgia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	3	no
Germany	All	50	1.3	230/400	F	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Ghana	All	50	1.3	240/415	D,G	2.4	no
Gibraltar	All	50	1.3	240/415	C,G	2.4	yes
Greece	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,F	2.4	yes
Greenland	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,K	2,3,4	yes
Grenada	All	50	1.3	230/400	G	2.4	no	1,2,3
Guadeloupe	All	50		220	C,E
Guam	All	60		120	A,B
Guatemala	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B,G,H,I	2,3,4	yes
Guinea	All	50	3	220/380	C,E,K	4	no
Guinea-Bissau	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2,3,4	no
Guyana	All	60	1.3	110/220	A,B,H	2,3,4	no	1.2
Haiti	All	60	1.3	110/220	A,B,H	2,3,4	no
Honduras	All	60	1.3	110/220	A	2.3	no
Hong Kong	All	50	1.3	220/380	G	2,3,4	yes
Hungary	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	yes	2.3
Iceland	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,F	2,3,4	yes
India	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,D,G	2.4	yes	3
Indonesia	Ambon, Balikpapan, Banda Aceh, Batam, Bengkulu, Denpasar (Bali), Gorontalo, Jambi, Kendari, Bandar Lampung, Kupang, Makasar, Manado, Palangkaraya, Palu, Pekanbaru, Pontianak, Samarinda, Solo	50	1.3	220/380	C,F,G	2.4	yes
Indonesia	Bandjarmasin, Bandung, Jakarta, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Yogyakarta	50	1.3	220/380	C,F,G	2.4	yes	1
Indonesia	Bogor, Cilacap, Cirebon, Malang, Sukabumi, Surakarta	50	1.3	220/380	C,E,F	2.4	yes	1
Indonesia	Jayapura	50	1.3	220/380	C,F,G	2.4	yes
Indonesia	Ujungpandang	50	1.3	127/220	C,E,F	2.4	no	1
Iran	All	50		220	C,E
Iraq	All	50		220	G
Ireland	All	50	1.3	220/380	G	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Israel	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,H	2.4	yes	1,2,4
Italy	Ancona, Bologna, Como, Cremona, Genoa, Latina, Milan, Perugia, Pescara and Chieti, Pisa, Rome, Trieste, Udine, Venice, Verona	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	L	2.4	yes	1,2,4
Italy	Bari, Brindisi, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, La Spezia, Leghorn, Naples, Palermo, Ragusa, Sassari, Siena, Siracusa, Taranto, Turin	50	1.3	220/380	L	2.4	yes	1,2,4
Ivory Coast	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	3.4	yes
Jamaica	All	50	1.3	110/220	A,B,C,D	2,3,4	yes	1.3
Japan	Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Hiroshima, Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki	60	1.3	100/200	A,B,I	2.3	yes	1
Japan	Sapporo, Sendai, Nagano, Tokyo, Chiba, Yokohama	50	1.3	100/200	A,B,I	2.3	yes	1
Jordan	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F,G,L	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Kazakstan	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,G,H	2,3,4	yes
Kenya	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.4	no	2.3
Kiribati	All	50		220	I
Korea, North	All	60		220	C,E
Korea, South	All	60	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Kuwait	All	50	1.3	240/415	C,G	2.4	yes	3
Kyrgyzstan	All	50		220	C,E
Laos	All	50	1.3	220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	yes
Latvia	All	50		220	C,E
Lebanon	Aley, Beirut, Bhamdoun, Brummana, Tripoli, Tyre	50	1.3	110/190, 220/380	A,B,C,D,G	2.4	no	1
Lebanon	Chtaure, Dhour el Choueir, Sidon, Sofar, Zahleh	50	1.3	220/380	A,B,C,D,G	2.4	no	1
Lesotho	All	50	1.3	220/380	D	2.4	yes	1.2
Liberia	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B	2,3,4	no	1
Libya	All	50		230	L
Liechtenstein	All	50		220	J
Lithuania	All	50		220	C,E
Luxembourg	All	50	1.3	230/400	F	2.4	yes	1.2
Macao	All	50		220	D
Macedonia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2.4	yes
Madagascar	All	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	C,D,E,J,K	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Malawi	All	50	1.3	230/400	G	3.4	no	3
Malaysia	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.3	yes	1,2,7
Maldives	All	50		230	D
Mali	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	3.4	no	1.2
Malta	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.4	yes	1.2
Martinique	All	50		220	C,E
Mauritania	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.3	no	1,2,5
Mauritius	All	50	1.3	230/400	G	2.4	yes	1.2
Mexico	All	60	1.3	127/220	A,B	2,3,4	yes	1
Miquelon	All	60		115	A,B
Moldova	All	50		220	C,E
Monaco	All	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	C,D,E,F	2.4	yes
Mongolia	All	50		220	C,E
Montenegro	All	50		220	C,E
Montserrat	All	60		230	G
Morocco	Asilah, Berrechid, Casablanca, Chaouen, El-Jadida, Fes, Kasba-Tadla, Khouribga, Ksar-El-Kebir, Ksar-Es-Souk, Larache, Marrakech, Meknes, Midelt, Mohammedia, Nador, Ouarzazete, Ouezzane, Rabat, Safi, Sefrou, Settat, Tangier, Taroudant, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit, Youssoufia	50	1.3	127/220	C,E	2.4	yes	1.2
Morocco	Beni-Mellal, Oued-Zem, Sidi Kacem, Sidi Slimane, Souk-El-Arba Gharb	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	C,E	2.4	yes	1.2
Morocco	El-Hoceima, Khemisset, Khenifra	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2.4	yes	1.2
Morocco	Agadir	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	2	yes	1,2,3
Mozambique	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,F	2.4	yes	2
Namibia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes	1.2
Nepal	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D	2.4	no	1
Netherlands	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,5	yes	1
Netherlands Antilles	All	50		220	C,E
New Caledonia	All	50		220	C,E
New Zealand	All	50	1.3	230/400	H	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Nicaragua	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B,G,H,I	2,3,4	yes
Niger	All	50	1.3	220/380	A,C,E	2.4	no
Nigeria	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,H	2.4	yes	1
Norfolk Island	All	50		240	I
North Mariana Island	All	60		115	A,B
Norway	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2.4	yes
Oman	All	50	1.3	240/415	H	3.4	yes	2
Pakistan	All	50	1.3	230/400	B,C,D	3	no	1
Palau	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B	4	no
Panama	All	60	1.3	120/240	A,B,I	2.4	yes
Papua New Guinea	All	50		240	I
Paraguay	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes
Peru	All	60	1.3	220/380	A,C	2.4	yes
Philippines	All	60	1.3	240	A,B,C,D,G	2.3	yes	1.2
Pitcairn Island	All	50		240	D
Poland	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,E	3.4	yes
Portugal	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	yes	1
Puerto Rico	All	60		120	A,B
Qatar	All	50	1.3	240/415	D,G	2,3,4	yes
Romania	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	no	3
Russia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes
Rwanda	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,J	2.4	yes
Saint Kitts-Nevis	All	60		230	G
Saint Lucia	All	50		240	G
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	All	60		115	A,B
San Marino	All	50		220	C,E
Sao Tome and Principe	All	50		220	C,E
Saudi Arabia	All	60	1.3	127/220	A,B,F,G	2,3,4	yes	3
Senegal	All	50	1.3	127/220	C,D,E,K	2,3,4	no	1.3
Serbia	All	50		220	C,E
Seychelles	All	50	1.3	240/450	D,	2.4	yes
Sierra Leone	All	50	1.3	230/400	D,G	2.4	no
Singapore	All	50	1.3	230/400	D,G	2.3	yes	1
Slovakia	All	50		220	C,E
Slovakia	All	50	1.3	220/380	E	2.4	yes	1
Slovenia	All	50	1.2	220	E,C	2.3	yes
Solomon Islands	All	50		240	I
Somalia	Berbera	50	1.3	230	C	2.3	yes
Somalia	Brava	50	1.3	220/440	C	2.4	yes
Somalia	Chisimaio	50	1.3	220	C	2.3	no
Somalia	Hargeisa	50	1.3	220	C	2.3	yes
Somalia	Merca	50	1.3	110/220	C	2.4	no
Somalia	Mogadishu	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	no
South Africa	Alberton, Brakpan, Caledon, Cape Town, Carltonville, De Aar, Durban, East London, Johannesburg, Kimberley, King Williams, Krugersdorp, Ladysmith, N., Malmesbury, Oudtshoorn, Parys, Pietermaritzburg, Queenstown, Robertson, Rustenburg, Senekal, Tulbagh, Uitenhage, Umkomaas, Vereeniging, Welkom	50	1.3	220/380	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Benoni, Cradock, Germiston, Klerksdorp, Kroonstad, Paarl, Roodepoort, Somerset West, Umtata, Upington, Virginia, Vryheid, Walvis Bay, Wellington, Worcester	50	1.3	230/400	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Beaufort West, Boksburg	50	1.3	230/400	D	2.4	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Bethlehem, Bloemfontein	50	1.3	220/380	D	2.4	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Grahamstad	50	1.3	250/430	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Port Elizabeth	50	1.3	250/433	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Pretoria	50	1.3	240/415	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Springs	50	1.3	220/380, 230/400	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
South Africa	Stellenbosch	50	3	220/380	D	2.3	yes	1,2,4
Spain	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F	2,3,4	yes	1.8
Sri Lanka	All	50	1.3	220/440	B,C,D,G,H,K	2.3	no	1.3
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Grenadine Islands	50		220	C,E
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Saint Vincent	50		230	G
Sudan	All	50	1.3	240/415	C,D	2.4	yes	1
Suriname	All	60	1.3	127/220	C,F	2,3,4	yes
Svalbard	All	50		220	C,E
Swaziland	All	50	1.3	230/400	D	2.4	yes
Sweden	All	50	1.3	230/400	C,F	2,3,4,5	yes	1.2
Switzerland	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,J	2,3,4	yes	1.2
Syria	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.3	no
Taiwan	All	60	1.3	110/220	A,B	2,3,4	yes	1
Tajikistan	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,I	2.3	no
Tanzania	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,G	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Thailand	All	50	1.3	220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	yes	1.3
Togo	All	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	C	2.4	yes
Tonga	All	50		240	I
Trinidad and Tobago	All	60	1.3	115/230, 230/400	A,B	2,3,4	yes	3
Tunisia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,E	2.4	yes	1,2,3
Turkey	All	50	1.3	220/380/154	C,F	2,3,4	yes	1
Turkmenistan	All	50	1.3	220/380	B,F	2.3	yes
Turks and Caicos Islands	All	60		110	A,B
Tuvalu	All	50		220	I
U.S. Virgin Islands	All	60	3	120	A,B
Uganda	All	50	1.3	240/415	G	2.4	no	1.2
Ukraine	All	50	1.3	220/380	C	2.4	yes	1
United Arab Emirates	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,G	2.4	yes
United Kingdom (UK)	All	50	1.3	230/415	C,G	2.4	yes	1,2,3
United States (USA)	All	60	1,3	120/208, 277/480, 120/240, 240, 480	A,B	3,4	yes
Uruguay	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,F,I,L	2.4	yes	2,3,6
Uzbekistan	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,I	2.4	yes
Vanuatu	All	50		220	I
Venezuela	All	60	1.3	110/220	A,B,H	2,3,4	yes
Vietnam	Da Nang, Hue, Nha Trang	50	1.3	127/220	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	no
Vietnam	Can Tho, Hanoi	50	1.3	127/220, 220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	no
Vietnam	Dalat, Saigon	50	1.3	120/208, 220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	no
Vietnam	Ban Me Thuot (Sic)	50	1.3	220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	no
Vietnam	Khanh Hung (Soc Trang)	50	1.3	220/380	A,B,C,E,F	2.4	no
Western Samoa	All	50	1.3	230/400	H	2,3,4	yes
Yemen	All	50	1.3	220/380	A,C,G	2.4	no
Zambia	All	50	1.3	220/380	C,D,G	2.4	yes	1,2,4
Zimbabwe	All	50	1.3	220/380	D,G	2,3,4	yes	4

1 = The neutral wire of the secondary distribution system is grounded.
2 = A grounding conductor is required in the electrical cord attached to appliances.
3 = Voltage tolerance is plus or minus 4% to 9%.
4 = Voltage tolerance is plus or minus 10%.
5 = Voltage tolerance is plus or minus 20% to 30%.
6 = Voltage tolerance is plus or minus 4.5% to 20.5%.
7 = Voltage tolerance is minus 10% to plus 5%.
8 = Electricity standards for Spain also apply to the Canary Islands.

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. All, Tables

O-Rings

Posted on March 11, 2018April 12, 2020 by JAB

11
Mar

O-Rings

D2	T	B1	Z
1.5	1,1±0,06	2.2	2.1
1.6	1,2±0,06	2.3	2.1
1.78	1,4±0,07	2.4	2.1
1.8	1,4±0,07	2.5	2.1
2	1,5±0,08	2.8	2.6
2.4	1,8±0,1	3.4	3
2.5	1,9±0,1	3.4	3
2.62	2±0,1	3.6	3.1
2.65	2±0,11	3.7	3.2
3	2,3±0,12	4.1	3.5
3.5	2,7±0,14	4.7	3.9
3.53	2,7±0,14	4.8	4
3.55	2,7±0,14	4.8	4
4	3,1±0,16	5.4	4.5
4.5	3,5±0,18	6	4.9
5	3,9±0,2	6.6	5.4
5.3	4,1±0,21	7	5.8
5.33	4,1±0,21	7.1	6
5.5	4,3±0,22	7.2	6.1
5.7	4,4±0,23	7.6	6.3
6	4,7±0,24	7.8	6.4
6.5	5,1±0,26	8.4	6.8
6.99	5,5±0,28	9	7.2
7	5,5±0,28	9	7.3
7.5	5,9±0,3	9.7	7.7
8	6,3±0,32	10.3	8.2
8.4	6,4±0,32	10.4	8.3
8.5	6,7±0,34	10.9	8.7
9	7,1±0,36	11.6	9.2
9.5	7,5±0,38	12.2	9.6
10	7,9±0,4	12.8	10.1
10.5	8,2±0,42	13.6	11
11	8,6±0,43	14.1	11.3
11.5	9±0,46	14.7	11.8
12	9,4±0,48	15.5	12.4
12.5	9,8±0,5	16.1	12.8
13	10,2±0,52	16.7	13.3
13.5	10,6±0,54	17.3	13.8
14	11±0,56	17.9	14.2
14.5	11,4±0,58	18.5	14.7
15	11,8±0,6	19.1	15.1

D2	H	B4
1.5	1,1±0,03	2.2
1.6	1,2±0,03	2.2
1.78	1,4±0,04	2.4
1.8	1,4±0,04	2.4
2	1,5±0,04	2.8
2.4	1,8±0,05	3.3
2.5	1,9±0,05	3.4
2.62	2±0,05	3.5
2.65	2±0,05	3.6
3	2,3±0,06	4
3.5	2,7±0,07	4.6
3.53	2,7±0,07	4.6
3.55	2,7±0,07	4.6
4	3,1±0,08	5.2
4.5	3,5±0,09	5.8
5	3,9±0,1	6.4
5.3	4,1±0,11	6.8
5.33	4,1±0,11	7
5.5	4,3±0,11	7
5.7	4,4±0,11	7.4
6	4,7±0,12	7.6
6.5	5,1±0,13	8.2
6.99	5,5±0,14	8.8
7	5,5±0,14	8.8
7.5	5,9±0,15	9.4
8	6,3±0,16	10
8.4	6,97±0,1	10.78
8.5	6,7±0,17	10.7
9	7,1±0,18	11.3
9.5	7,5±0,19	11.8
10	7,9±0,2	12.4
10.5	8,2±0,21	13.3
11	9,13±0,1	14.08
11.5	9,55±0,1	14.69
12	9,4±0,24	15.1
12.5	10,38±0,1	15.92
13	10,2±0,26	16.2
13.5	11,21±0,1	17.15
14	11,62±0,1	17.77
14.5	12,04±0,1	18.38
15	11,8±0,3	18.6

D2	T
1	1,4±0,04
1.5	2,1±0,06
1.6	2,3±0,06
1.78	2,5±0,07
1.8	2,6±0,07
2	2,9±0,08
2.4	3,5±0,1
2.5	3,6±0,1
2.62	3,8±0,1
2.65	3,8±0,11
3	4,3±0,12
3.5	5,1±0,14
3.53	5,1±0,14
3.55	5,1±0,14
4	5,8±0,16
4.5	6,5±0,18
5	7,3±0,2
5.3	7,7±0,21
5.33	7,7±0,21
5.5	8±0,22
5.7	8,3±0,23
6	8,7±0,24
6.5	9,5±0,26
6.99	10,2±0,28
7	10,2±0,28
7.5	11±0,3
8	11,7±0,32
8.4	11,51±0,4
8.5	12,4±0,34
9	13,2±0,36
9.5	13,9±0,38
10	14,7±0,4
10.5	15,4±0,42
11	15,07±0,4
11.5	15,76±0,4
12	17,6±0,48
12.5	17,13±0,5
13	19,1±0,52
13.5	18,5±0,5
14	19,18±0,5
14.5	19,87±0,5
15	22,1±0,6

D2	T	N	M	R1	R2
3.53	2,9±0,07	2.9	3.1	0.6	0.2
3.55	2,9±0,07	2.9	3.1	0.6	0.2
4	3,3±0,08	3.3	3.5	0.7	0.2
4.5	3,7±0,09	3.7	4	0.7	0.3
5	4,1±0,1	4.1	4.4	0.8	0.3
5.3	4,4±0,11	4.4	4.7	0.9	0.3
5.33	4,4±0,11	4.4	4.7	0.9	0.3
5.5	4,5±0,11	4.5	4.8	0.9	0.3
5.7	4,7±0,11	4.7	5	0.9	0.3
6	5±0,12	5	5.5	1	0.4
6.5	5,4±0,13	5.4	5.9	1.1	0.4
7	5,8±0,14	5.8	6.3	1.2	0.4
7.5	6,2±0,15	6.2	6.7	1.2	0.4
8	6,7±0,16	6.7	7.3	1.3	0.5
8.4	7,25±0,16	7.3	7.9	1.5	0.5
8.5	7,1±0,17	7.1	7.7	1.4	0.5
9	7,5±0,18	7.5	8.1	1.5	0.5
9.5	7,9±0,19	7.9	8.6	1.6	0.6
10	8,3±0,2	8.3	9	1.7	0.6

D2	T	B1	Z
1.5	1,3±0,03	1.8	1.2
1.78	1,5±0,04	2.2	1.5
1.8	1,5±0,07	2.5	2.1
2	1,5±0,08	2.8	2.6
2.4	1,8±0,1	3.4	3
2.5	1,9±0,1	3.4	3
2.62	2±0,1	3.6	3.1
2.65	2±0,11	3.7	3.2
3	2,3±0,12	4.1	3.5
3.5	2,7±0,14	4.7	3.9
3.53	2,7±0,14	4.8	4
3.55	2,7±0,14	4.8	4
4	3,1±0,16	5.4	4.5
4.5	3,5±0,18	6	4.9
5	3,9±0,2	6.6	5.4
5.3	4,1±0,21	7	5.8
5.33	4,1±0,21	7.1	6
5.5	4,3±0,22	7.2	6.1
5.7	4,4±0,23	7.6	6.3
6	4,7±0,24	7.8	6.4
6.5	5,1±0,26	8.4	6.8
6.99	5,5±0,28	9	7.2
7	5,5±0,28	9	7.3
7.5	5,9±0,3	9.7	7.7
8	6,3±0,32	10.3	8.2
8.4	6,4±0,32	10.4	8.3
8.5	6,7±0,34	10.9	8.7
9	7,1±0,36	11.6	9.2
9.5	7,5±0,38	12.2	9.6
10	7,9±0,4	12.8	10.1
10.5	8,2±0,42	13.6	11
11	8,6±0,43	14.1	11.3
11.5	9±0,46	14.7	11.8
12	9,4±0,48	15.5	12.4
12.5	9,8±0,5	16.1	12.8
13	10,2±0,52	16.7	13.3
13.5	10,6±0,54	17.3	13.8
14	11±0,56	17.9	14.2
14.5	11,4±0,58	18.5	14.7
15	11,8±0,6	19.1	15.1

D2	T	B1	Z
1.78	1,6±0,04	2	1.2
1.8	1,6±0,04	2.1	1.2
2.4	2,2±0,05	2.7	1.3
2.62	2,4±0,05	2.9	1.4
2.65	2,4±0,05	3	1.5
3	2,8±0,06	3.2	1.5
3.53	3,3±0,07	3.9	1.9
3.55	3,3±0,07	3.9	1.9
5.3	4,9±0,11	5.7	2.4
5.33	4,9±0,11	5.8	2.6
5.7	5,3±0,11	6.1	2.8
6.99	6,5±0,14	7.4	3
7	6,5±0,14	7.4	3

D2	T	B1	Z
1.5	1,3±0,03	1.8	1.2
1.78	1,6±0,04	2	1.2
1.8	1,6±0,04	2.1	1.2
2	1,8±0,04	2.3	1.3
2.4	2,2±0,05	2.7	1.3
2.5	2,3±0,05	2.8	1.3
2.62	2,4±0,05	2.9	1.4
2.65	2,4±0,05	3	1.5
3	2,7±0,06	3.4	1.8
3.5	3,2±0,07	3.8	1.8
3.53	3,2±0,07	3.9	1.9
3.55	3,3±0,07	3.9	2
4	3,6±0,08	4.5	2.3
4.5	4,1±0,09	4.9	2.4
5	4,6±0,1	5.4	2.4
5.3	4,9±0,11	5.7	2.4
5.33	4,9±0,11	5.8	2.6
5.5	5±0,11	6	2.9
5.7	5,2±0,11	6.2	2.9
6	5,5±0,12	6.5	2.9
6.5	6±0,13	7	3
6.99	6,4±0,14	7.5	3.3
7	6,4±0,14	7.5	3.4
7.5	6,9±0,15	8	3.4
8	7,4±0,16	8.5	3.5
8.5	7,8±0,17	9.1	4
9	8,3±0,18	9.6	4
9.5	8,8±0,19	10.1	4
10	9,2±0,2	10.6	4.5

MANUFACTURERS:

tss.trelleborg

Trelleborg – Calculator

Static Sealing

Mean compression under pressure of 15-30%. Up to 1000 bar and more can be sealed. With pulsating pressures the hardness of the O-ring material should not be less than 80 Shore A.

<16 MPa	70 Shore A
>16 MPa	90 Shore A

Dynamic Sealing

Due to the friction resistance, the deformation is minimised compared with static seals.

< 6.3 MPa	70 Shore A
> 6.3 MPa	90 Shore A

With hydraulic axial movement the minimum cross-section deformation should not exceed 6%.

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. All, Calculators, Devices, Tables

Rotation speed in 3-phase induction motor

Posted on March 11, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCF

11
Mar

Rotation speed in 3-phase induction motor

The number of poles determines the nominal rotation velocity, when motor is connected by contactor.

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. All, Drawings, Tables

Drawings

Posted on March 5, 2018December 8, 2023 by JCA

05
Mar

Drawings

Scale factors
Paper sizes

DIN ISO 5455 (1979-12)

DIN EN ISO 5457 (2010-11) and DIN EN ISO 216 (2007-12)

. All, Materials, Tables

Plastic abbreviations and trade names

Posted on March 4, 2018April 12, 2020 by JAB

04
Mar

Plastic abbreviations and trade names

Plastic
Rubber

CHEMICAL TERM	ABBREVIATION	TRADE NAMES
Polyamide	PA	Nylon, Nylatron, Ertalon, Akulon, Technyl C, Soderg, Bergamid, Omniamid, Amidan, Durethan, Nyrlon, Ultramid, Miramid, Grilon, Maranyl, Orgamide, Ternil, Latamid, Fabenyl, Verafil, Renyl, Ultralon, Caprolactam, Zytel, Rilsan, Vestamid, Trogamid, Zellamid, Tecam, Tecamid, Tecast
Polyoxymethylene	POM, Acetal	Delrin, Acetron, Ertacetal, Hostaform, Ultraform, Resal, Duraform, Tecaform
Polyethylene Terephthalate Polyester	PET-PETP	Arnite, Novatron, Ertalite, Crastin, Impet, Petlon, Rynite, Grilpet, Melinite, Durester, Techster, Ultradur, Tecadur
Polyethylene	PE	Deslidur, Ultrawear, Cestidur, Cestilene, Cestilite, Hostalengur, Lupolen, Solidur, Durogliss, Polizene, Megalene, Propathene, Ertalene, Simona 500, RCH 1000, Plastfur, Vaplatec, Tecafine PE, Guidur, Trovidur PE
Polypropylene	PP	Hostalen PP, Simona PP, Moplen, Lacotene P, Vestolen P, Varladur, Trovidur PP, Tecafine PP
Polyvinyl chloride	PVC	Hostalit, Vinuran, Vestolit, Trovidur PVC, Tecavinyl
Polyurethane	PUR	Adiprene, Vulkollan, Elastopal, Urepan, Philan
Polytetrafluoroethylene	PTFE	Teflon, Hostaflon, Fluon, Algoflon, Gaflon, Tecaflon
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Phenolic cotton fabric: Celotex, Isolit, Fibraton, Resinol, Dakelite, Oeligol, Isolex, Fibratil, GFP, HGW2083, Novocott, Plasbesto
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Phenolic paper: Plasmicel, Textilex, Novosol, Baquelita, Articel, CP
Phenol formaldehyde resins	PF	Glass fiber: Fivilex, Mefilex, Tevepox, Tevisil, Plasmipol, Novoglass, Isoval, Plasmiver, Etoxisol
Polimetilmetacrilat	PMMA	Metacrilato, Plexigas, Resartglas, Perspex, Oroglas, Altuglas, Deglas, Optema, Dewoglas, Paraglas, Policril, Tecacryl
Polycarbonate	PC	Axxis PC, Cristalato, Makrolon, Lexan, Xanda, Calibre, Sinvet, Orgalon, Tecanat
Polyvinylidene fluoride	PVDF	Dyflor 2000, Foraflon, solef, Vidar, Polisor, Tecaflon, Trovidur PVDF, Kynar
Polysulfone	PSU	Polipenco PSU, Ultrason 5, Udel, Radel, Mindel, Polysulfon, Tecason
Polyimide	PI	Polipenco vespel, Vespel, Kapton, Tedlar, Sintimid
Polyetheretherketone	PEEK	Polipenco PEEK, Victrex PEEK, Erta PEEK, Ultra PEEK, Teca PEEK

CHEMICAL TERM	ABBREVIATION	TRADE NAMES
Acrylonitrile Butadiene	NBR	Chemigum, Nipoll, Krynac, Paracril, Perbunan N, Buna N
Highly Saturated Nitrile	HNBR	Therban, Zetpol
Carboxylated Nitrile	XNBR	Nipol, Krynac, Chemigum
Fluorocarbon	FKM	Viton, Fluorel, Technoflon
Ethylene Propylene	EP, EPDM, EPT, EPR	Nordel, Royalene, Vistalon, Buna EP, Keltan
Styrene Butadiene	SBR	Ameripol Synpol, SBR, Plioflex, Stereon
Polychloroprene	CR	Neoprene, Baypren, Butaclor
Isobutylene Isoprene	IIR	Butyl
Silicone	VMQ, PMQ, PVMQ	Silastic, Silplus, Elastosil, Wacker
Fluorosilicone	FVMQ	FSE, Silastic, Sylon
Polyacrylate	ACM	Cyanacryl, Hy Temp, Thiacril
Ethylene Acrylic	AEM	Vamac
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene	CSM	Hypalon
Epichlorohydrin	ECO/CO	Gechron, Hydrin
Polyisoprene natural	NR	SMR, Pale Crepe, Smoked Sheet
Polyisoprene synthetic	IR	Ameripol SN, Natsyn
Perfluoroelastomer	FFKM	Kalrez, Isolast, Chemraz, Simriz, Parafluor, Perlast

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. All, Tables, Tolerances

ISO tolerances

Posted on February 22, 2018December 9, 2023 by JCF

22
Feb

ISO tolerances

Structural profiles properties

Flow Conversions (Actual, Normal and Standard Conditions for Pressure and Temperature)

Roughness of surfaces

International material comparison chart

Electrical current for world countries

O-Rings

MANUFACTURERS:

Static Sealing

Dynamic Sealing

Rotation speed in 3-phase induction motor

Drawings

Plastic abbreviations and trade names

ISO tolerances

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